玡ē 羛瓣瓣悔猭〆穦International Law Commission of United Nations虏嘿瓣悔猭〆穦琌羛瓣穦沮羛瓣舅彻1947硄筁∕某砞ミ盡诀篶赣诀篶﹙Ξ琌玃秈瓣悔猭ぇ¨硋亥祇甶籔絪摹〃[1]Θミ70い瓣悔猭〆穦猭絪摹览﹚兵よΘ碞帝硋亥祇甶㎝╯瓣悔猭よ眔兜瞶阶瘆[2]σ诡瓣悔猭〆穦糵某盡肈摸祇瞷ㄤ癸瓣悔猭瞁方闽某肈玂帝蔼闽猔[3]瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿砏﹚句ㄓ砆跌癸瓣悔猭瞁方舦弧兵策篋瓣悔猭㎝猭玥琌瓣悔猭瞁方[4]兵㎝策篋瓣悔猭瓣悔猭璶瞁方瓣悔猭〆穦╯盡肈いΤぃぶ癚阶Θ狦会伦[5]Τ闽¨猭玥〃general principles of law瓣悔猭拜肈厩㎝瓣產┮芠翴钵[6]赣盡肈2018砆瓣悔猭〆穦讽玡糵某某肈[7]羭莉眔瓣悔穦約獂荐疨舧赣盡肈秨甶帝瓣悔猭〆穦ず场癸猭玥﹚醚往睲硂ㄇ醚腊瓣產龟筋いタ絋瞶秆㎝続ノ猭玥Τ痲羉篴厩砃癚阶セゅ盢ざ残瓣悔猭〆穦¨猭玥〃盡肈阀猵㎝程穝秈甶耴赣盡肈ヘ玡み拜肈程だ癸硂ㄇ拜肈秈︽蝶基[8] ¨猭玥〃盡肈秈甶膀疭厨ㄢ厨 2018瓣悔猭〆穦材70穦某盢¨猭玥〃璸购ヴ㏑ぬナ焊膟〆皑峨ぺ吹吹-ī縫紈吹Marcelo Vazquez-Bermudez疭厨[9]ùさ疭厨瓣悔猭〆穦矗ユㄢ厨材厨2019材71穦某矗˙ざ残疉の猭玥膀セ拜肈㎝盡肈逼[10]材厨20206る26ら瓣悔猭〆穦﹛呼そガ疉の猭玥醚夹[11]ㄢ厨矗9兵挡阶癬〆穦Draft Committee既糵某硄筁材1兵挡阶[12] ¨猭玥〃盡肈材厨┦借絛瞅の摸 疭厨矗ユ材厨だき场だ材场だ贝癚盡肈┦ㄆ兜珹セ盡肈絛瞅Θ狦のよ猭阶材场だ疉の瓣悔猭〆穦┕籔猭玥Τ闽矗猭玥┪籔セ盡肈拜肈闽Аぉσ納材场だ阀瓃猭玥戳ㄓ祇甶薄猵眖句祇甶à冈灿だ猂盽砞瓣悔猭皘砏硄筁ぇ玡疉の猭玥ㄒ盽砞瓣悔猭皘砏㎝瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵い闽猭玥ゅセの硄筁猭皘糵瞶ㄒ材场だ癸セ盡肈碭膀セよ秈︽˙蝶︳猭玥璶㎝ㄓ方材き场だ矗既﹚ゼㄓよ赣厨い矗3兵挡阶盢硋兵秈︽ざ残 ¨挡阶1〃絋﹚猭玥絛瞅セ挡阶疉の瓣悔猭瞁方ぇ猭玥瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜琌癸瓣悔猭瞁方ぇ猭玥猭┦借舦┦朝瓃硂兜砏﹚礚阶龟筋临琌ゅ膍い常琌矪瞶猭玥璶把σ翴[13]疭厨絋﹚セ盡肈癬翴穦い眔〆璓粄疭厨瓣悔猭〆穦惠璶坚睲¨猭玥〃迭琌硂瓣悔猭瞁方┦借ず甧┪ㄤ籔ㄤ瓣悔猭瞁方闽╰┪ㄤ続ノ絛瞅[14]疭厨厨材场だ癸瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜い璶秈︽˙蝶︳硄筁だσ诡¨猭玥〃¨┯粄〃㎝¨ゅ瓣〃ず甧粄¨┯粄〃璶―琌セ盡肈みウ籔猭玥醚拜肈㎝瓣悔猭瞁方ぇ猭玥癬方拜肈盞ち闽[15] ¨挡阶2〃矗¨┯粄〃璶―猭玥斗瓣炊筂┯粄穦ㄤい莱猔種疭厨斌ノ瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜い¨ゅ瓣〃ノ粂钡龟悔獂¨瓣〃蠢[16]闽┯粄硂璶ウ琌ㄣΤ瓣悔猭瞁方┦借猭玥ゲ璶兵ンτ┯粄┮絋ちΑ∕┮疉猭玥摸[17] 猭玥摸¨挡阶3〃矗猭玥珹ㄢ摸ㄤ方瓣產猭砰╰玥ㄤ瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ玥癸方瓣產猭砰╰猭玥讽兜玥ì镑瓣產猭砰╰ず骸ì┯粄璶―[18]琌醚兜玥炊筂瓣猭砰╰ずゲ斗秈˙絋﹚赣玥琌続ノ瓣悔猭砰╰[19]硂筁祘硄弧¨簿竚〃transposition[20]癸瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ猭玥骸ì硂摸┯粄璶―⊿Τ参猭Τ芠翴粄ㄌ綼砆瓣钡瞷Τ砏玥ㄓ骸ì┯粄璶―Τ芠翴粄硄筁は琈瓣闽ㄣ砰拜肈醚瓣悔舱麓︽┪摸ゅㄓ骸ì┯粄璶―Τ芠翴粄┯粄莱琌瓣粄篈[21]荷恨疭厨粄惠璶瓣悔糷秈︽┯粄ミ初琌眔炊筂粄[22] ¨猭玥〃材厨醚拜肈 疭厨矗ユ材厨璶阶瓃瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜種竡猭玥醚拜肈[23]矗6兵挡阶 材厨だき场だ材场だ阶瓃闽醚拜肈厨臮2019穦臛阶い碞醚拜肈笷Θ˙挡阶虏璶弧疭厨羆砰矪瞶快猭材场だ阶瓃方瓣產猭砰╰猭玥醚疭厨矗3兵挡阶ㄓ矪瞶硂场だ拜肈¨挡阶4〃矗ㄑ醚摸玥ㄢ˙艼材˙龟兜璶猭砰╰Τ玥材˙龟赣璶猭砰╰Τ玥砆簿竚瓣悔猭砰╰¨挡阶5〃矗絋﹚兜璶猭砰╰Τ玥よ猭惠璶癸瓣猭砰╰秈︽ゑ耕だ猂ㄤΩゑ耕だ猂ゲ斗約獂Τ┦珹ぃ猭╰㎝跋办程ゑ耕だ猂珹癸瓣ずミ猭㎝瓣ず猭皘┮掉蝶︳¨挡阶6〃矗龟兜璶猭砰╰Τ玥簿竚瓣悔猭砰╰よ猭赣玥ゲ斗骸ìㄢ兵ン材才瓣悔猭膀セ玥材ㄣ称瓣悔猭砰╰い続ì続ノ兵ン厨材场だ疉の瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ猭玥醚¨挡阶7〃秆∕絋﹚硂摸玥よ猭Τ贺硚畖絋﹚瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ猭玥㎝ず甧兜玥兵㎝ㄤ瓣悔ゅい眔約獂┯粄兜玥琌兵┮﹚瓣悔猭┪策篋瓣悔猭砏玥膀娄┪兜玥瓣悔砰╰膀セ疭┖㎝膀セ璶―┮㏕Τ材场だ阶瓃猭玥徊醚戈疭厨矗2兵挡阶¨挡阶8〃粄猭皘㎝猭畑┮掉琌猭玥徊醚戈瓣悔┦猭皘㎝猭畑疭琌瓣悔猭皘疉の猭玥のず甧掉琌絋﹚摸玥徊戈瓣ず猭皘疉の猭玥のず甧掉皍薄σ納絋﹚摸玥徊戈¨挡阶9〃瓣程蔼キ瓣悔猭厩產厩弧絋﹚猭玥徊戈材き场だ哪瓃ゼㄓよ厨盢癚阶猭玥のㄤ籔ㄤ瓣悔猭瞁方闽╰ ㄢ厨い疭厨ЧΘ兜がユ麓璶某肈[24]い兜某肈癚阶猭玥瓣悔猭瞁方猭┦借猭玥ㄓ方のㄤ莱だ摸の猭玥醚皐癸疭厨矗ユ9兵挡阶ゅ盢癸某肈璉疉の瓣悔猭拜肈秈︽冈灿瓃蝶 猭玥瓣悔猭瞁方拜肈 ¨猭玥〃迭ぃ琌瓣悔猭縒Τ阀├计瓣產瓣ず猭砰╰い摸阀├猭玥方繷發饭镁㎝霉皑玻ネ礛猭[25]19龟靡竡猭厩砍癬硂阀├硋亥眖礛猭阀├砆瓣絪摹秈瓣ず猭ㄥい[26]瓣ず猭猭ㄥて镣墩崩笆瓣悔猭皘のㄤ玡ō盽砞瓣悔猭皘癸猭玥猭厩產玹高〆穦癬盽砞瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材3蹿筁祘い粄猭玥辣干瓣悔猭フ磷猭皘糵瞶ンヴ兵の瓣悔策篋砏玥戈続ノ旧璓¨礚猭ㄌ〃non liquet挡狦[27]ぃ筁猭玥程沧砆砏ゅセ琌猭厩產玹高〆穦ず场Т玻[28]眖戳ㄓ瓣悔ヲ掉㎝猭龟筋い芠诡猭玥礛猭┪龟猭妮┦ぇぃ紇臫ㄤ龟筋い続ノ荷恨惫勉у蝶赣兵蹿咎ㄤ龟筋い龟ノ┦瓣悔猭皘砏い眔玂痙[29] 瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿砏﹚¨猭皘癸朝禗兜狠莱ㄌ瓣悔猭掉ぇ掉莱続ノぃ阶炊硄┪疭瓣悔絋ミ禗砠讽ㄆ瓣フ┯粄ぇ砏兵拎瓣悔策篋硄ㄒぇ靡τ竒钡猭盙猭玥ゅ瓣┮┯粄材59兵砏﹚猭ㄒの瓣舦程蔼ぇそ猭厩產厩弧絋﹚猭玥ぇ干戈〃沮厨の穦臛阶ゅン癘魁疭厨㎝计瓣悔猭〆穦〆粄瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵琌癸瓣悔猭瞁方ず甧舦┦弧㎝羭パ眔挡阶猭玥琌瓣悔猭瞁方[30]硂芠翴砛瓣ず厩帝瓃い眔や嫉[31]礛τパ赣兵ゅゼㄣ砰矗の¨瓣悔猭瞁方〃瓣厩癸ごΤぃだ猂Τ粄埃赣兵ゅ玡兜兜獶瓣悔猭瞁方Τ粄Τ玡ㄢ兜琌瓣悔猭瞁方盙兜¨猭玥〃莱逼埃瞁方ぇΤ粄赣兵ゅ癸瓣悔猭瞁方羭临ぃ镑冈荷瓣悔舱麓∕某疭琌羛瓣穦∕某莱赣琌瞷瓣悔猭瞁方[32] 猭玥琌瓣悔猭瞁方盾厩句ㄓぃ芠翴╯ㄤ方¨瓣悔猭瞁方〃ㄣΤ阀├ぃ絋﹚┦ぃ厩癸ㄤ約竡┪疷竡瞶秆τ┮ミ初ぃ瞁方sources種¨猠方繷〃硄盽ノ獂ㄆ方獶盡猭砃粂[33]¨猭瞁方〃﹚竡ぃ絋τ钵琌猭瞶厩い兜璶揭肈瓣悔猭烩办酚骋疭疭Lauterpacht弧猭猭瞁方¨︽砏玥パ祇ネ眔猭句ㄆ龟〃[34]パ骋疭疭磷秨癸瓣悔猭瞁方﹚竡τ硄筁秆睦猭瞁方阀├ㄓ阶瓃瓣悔猭瞁方瞷Αㄤい粄猭玥瓣悔猭瞁方[35]埃ぇㄇ厩眖瓣悔猭瞁方だ摸帝もㄓ哪瓣悔猭瞁方阀├約钡贺よΑ琌盢瓣悔猭瞁方だΑ瞁方formal sources㎝龟借瞁方material sources[36]瓣悔猭Α瞁方琌瓣悔猭砏絛┮パΘ贺场よΑτ瓣悔猭龟借瞁方琌瓣悔猭砏絛Θ筁祘い癸ㄤず甧玻ネ钡┪丁钡龟悔紇臫贺[37]羆τēぇ瓣ず厩癸瓣悔猭瞁方竡Τ贺ぃ秆睦Τ帝泊瓣悔猭玻ネ┪Θ筁祘Τ帝泊瓣悔猭絋ミ┪ΑΤ帝泊瞶秆┪絋粄瓣悔猭戈Τ帝泊倒瓣悔猭ㄆ[38] ê或瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜種竡猭玥琌ㄣΤ瓣悔猭瞁方挡阶琌籔∕瞶秆瓣悔猭瞁方ゑ㏄帕ネ粄瓣悔猭瞁方琌瓣悔猭Τ猭砏絛┮ΘよΑ㎝祘τ硂種竡瞁方琌瓣悔猭瞁方[39]パи眔挡阶疷竡瞶秆瓣悔猭瞁方ぃ猭玥約竡瞶秆瓣悔猭瞁方猭玥 らセ膟〆胾獺毙甭Shinya Murase穦臛阶い睲贰秆睦硂拜肈痝挡ぇ矪借好¨猭玥琌兜瓣悔猭瞁方〃ミ初瞶パ琌疭厨ゼ倒瓣悔猭瞁方絋﹚竡瓣悔猭瞁方Τ贺竡珹Α瞁方龟借瞁方猭瞁方句瞁方㎝ゅ膍瞁方单眖ミ初τē狦¨挡阶1〃い¨瓣悔猭瞁方〃瓣悔猭Α瞁方ê或猭玥陪礛ぃ琌瓣悔猭瞁方讽礛狦ㄤ琌瓣悔猭龟借瞁方ê或紇臫瓣悔猭贺獶猭秖猭玥ㄤ猭芠├ōゲ礛琌贺瓣悔猭瞁方[40] 眖約竡瓣悔猭瞁方﹚竡ㄓ量猭玥眔瓣悔猭瞁方┦借ウ矪贺籔ㄤ瓣悔猭瞁方琌ぐ或闽╰㎡タ疭厨┮弧硂碭拜肈琌ユ麓癬が紇臫硂拜肈厩Τㄢ贺芠翴贺芠翴粄猭玥琌兜縒ミ瓣悔猭瞁方琌猭玥恶干簗瑌∕﹚ウゲ礛琌癬干ノ瞁方籔瓣悔兵㎝瓣悔策篋ゑ猭玥琌干瞁方琌⊿Τ兵㎝策篋薄猵続ノ猭[41]贺芠翴粄猭玥ぃ琌兜縒ミ瓣悔猭瞁方ㄤ籔瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿兜砏﹚徊戈ㄣΤ妓琌眖妮┦瞁方[42]璶弧翴琌干supplementary㎝徊subsidiaryㄣΤぃ種竡玡﹚猭玥縒ミ┦玥は瓣悔猭瞁方ぇ丁琌顶单拜肈ぃ妮セゅ癚阶絛瞅既ぃ阶 懦拜肈疉の瞶阶贝癚掸粄瓣悔猭〆穦莱龟悔暗猭σ納セ盡肈˙琂礛瓣悔猭〆穦ず场㎝穦Θ瓣癸セ盡肈癬翴╆璓觅瓣悔猭〆穦莱讽罽¨挡阶1〃絛瞅瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜絋﹚セ盡肈癚阶癸禜¨磷籔ㄤ瓣悔猭瞁方ユ承穝猭瞁方繧〃[43]¨猭玥〃盡肈い砃粂㎝絛瞅莱秈˙絋旧璓呸胯ベ㎝阀├睼瞔ㄣ砰τē瓣悔猭〆穦挡阶蝶猔い癸阀├暗秈˙哪睦猭玥琌瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜砏﹚ゅ瓣產┯粄猭玥瓣悔猭瞁方琌瓣悔猭Α瞁方眖龟靡竡瓣悔猭厩àㄓ瓣悔┦猭诀篶癸狠ㄉΤ恨烈舦瓣悔┦猭皘㎝猭畑盢猭玥¨礚猭ㄌ〃猵続ノ猭琂才猭玥程砆﹚盽砞瓣悔猭皘砏㎝瓣悔猭皘砏いヘ籔猭龟筋い笲ノ璓埃瓃暗猭崩秈瓣悔猭〆穦隔畖獽琌ノらセ膟〆胾獺某盢¨挡阶1〃ゅэ¨セ挡阶疉のㄣΤ恨烈舦瓣悔┦猭皘㎝猭畑続ノ猭玥〃[44]讽礛程沧瓣悔猭〆穦矪瞶Τ芠诡 猭玥﹚竡のだ摸拜肈 癸猭玥﹚竡瓣ず厩Τ阶瓃ㄤ﹚竡┾禜家絢㎝螟磝搐厩癸猭玥秈︽ぃだ摸瞶阶砰ㄓ弧だ摸秆睦瓣猭砰╰┮Τ玥[45]¨猭種醚〃┮玻ネ玥[46]瓣悔猭玥[47]担默羛厩粄猭玥琌瓣悔猭玥担粄猭玥ぃ琌瓣ず猭砰╰玥碞琌弧ぃ琌ゅ瓣產砏玥ㄢ贺癸ミ猭砰╰穦竡砰╰㎝戈玻顶砰╰パㄤ顶セ借穦ノ㎝ヘセぃτぃ砏絛┦玥[48]***盫秆睦笵р猭玥跌瓣悔猭玥琌癸瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿砏﹚¨猭皘癸朝禗兜狠莱ㄌ瓣悔猭掉ぇ〃粇秆τ眖呸胯弧狦猭玥琌瓣悔猭玥ê或瓣悔猭玥琂珹¨瓣悔〃ぇず珹¨瓣悔策篋〃ぇず瓣悔猭皘砏碞⊿Τ兜ゲ璶[49]滇紈霉吹Verdross盢猭玥跌礛猭種竡¨そキ〃㎝¨タ竡〃瞶├芠翴***盫粄硂贺礛猭芠翴瞶阶р瓣悔猭瞁方㎝瓣悔猭沮睼酵[50]ぃ筁Τ厩粄猭玥琂珹瓣悔猭玥珹瓣ず猭玥***盫狦粄猭玥珹瓣悔猭玥ê琌盢瓣悔猭セ砰㎝瓣悔猭瞁方睼瞔碞琌癸瓣悔猭瞁方竡粇秆[51]侯芠瓣ず计厩芠翴¨瓣猭砰╰┮Τ玥〃琌癸猭玥耕瞶秆睦[52] 秆睦瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜¨猭玥〃疭厨約竡秆睦盢ㄤだ¨方瓣產猭砰╰猭玥〃㎝¨瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ猭玥〃ㄢ摸厨い玡砆嘿¨材摸玥〃砆嘿¨材摸玥〃瓣悔猭〆穦ず场碭┮ΤΘ常粄材摸玥砛瓣產羛瓣材せ〆穦穦某いボ種[53]癸材摸玥Τ贺篈Τ觅疭厨だ摸粄材摸玥眔猔種琌い瓣膟〆独磃眃ネ硂贺芠翴粄猭玥ぃ度瓣瓣ず猭玥τ珹瓣悔猭砰╰いΘ玥[54]Τ荷恨や硂贺暗猭粄癸材摸玥惫勉㎝﹚竡ゲ斗絋[55]Τ玥は癸硂贺暗猭粄材摸玥龟悔ぃ妮瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜¨猭玥〃ず甧τ琌赣砏材38兵材1蹿拎兜¨瓣悔策篋〃场だ[56]硂贺だ猍瓣瓣產刮ぇ丁场だ瓣產種材摸玥[57]场だ瓣產㊣苸瓣悔猭〆穦ぃ絋ミ初秈︽˙╯[58]临Τ场だ瓣產癸摸玥ボ胔好[59] 癸猭玥﹚竡のだ摸掸粄莱疷竡秆睦猭玥琌瓣瓣ず猭Τ玥ぃ瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ玥瞶パ眖兵Τ┦秆睦玥ㄓ癸猭玥約竡秆睦穦倒瓣悔猭瞁方瞶秆盿ㄓ呸胯睼睹㎝阀├ぃ絋﹚┦瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿砏﹚い羭兵策篋瓣悔猭㎝猭玥眖ミ猭м砃τē兵蹿い玡ㄢ兜瓣悔兵㎝瓣悔策篋琌瓣悔猭τ猭玥ぃ砆跌瓣悔猭场だ瓣悔猭砰╰いΘ玥璶或琌兵猭璶或琌策篋瓣悔猭﹚ぃ琌猭玥 ㄤΩ眖瓣悔猭皘猭龟筋い祇瞷猭玥続ノ絛瞅璶琌籔猭祘㎝靡沮Τ闽玥常方瓣ず猭砰╰1949Х甽璣瓣禗焊ぺェㄈ∕い瓣悔猭皘続ノ闽钡丁钡靡沮indirect evidence玥粄¨硂丁钡靡沮ち猭砰╰┮粄〃ㄤ続ノ¨眔瓣悔∕┯粄〃[60]1954瓣悔猭皘癸¨羛瓣︽現猭畑竭纕掉∕玹高種ǎ〃い続ノ∕ン玥res judicata赣兜玥琌兜¨琂﹚㎝炊筂┯粄猭玥〃[61]∕ン玥嘿¨琂玥〃瓣悔猭皘ㄓㄤンい眔狡続ノ[62]ゑ2016ェ┰ナ籔ゑㄈ嘲琜购[63]㎝2018吹笷兢禗ェ┰ナ猧甫菠畄场嘲娩[64]Τ闽窽はē玥estoppel笲ノ瓣悔猭皘1962订狠いΤ┮矗の粄¨讽ㄆよ竒纐粄琘﹚薄猵ぇ碞ぃ癸赣薄猵ぉ﹚〃[65]ぺ峨霉ê筿óそゑ禗﹁痁1970い瓣悔猭皘矗Τ砫ヴそ阀├¨┯粄パ戈セΤ砫ヴそ琌瓣ず猭砰╰炊筂钡砏玥ぉ続ノ〃[66]パǎ猭玥莱瓣瓣ず猭砰╰い玥 程猭龟筋い⊿Τì镑靡沮靡¨瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ猭玥〃睼瞔猭玥㎝策篋瓣悔猭阀├策篋瓣悔猭ぃ度砏玥玥砛薄猵盢妮策篋瓣悔猭兜玥粇粄猭玥琌盽ǎゑХ甽い瓣悔猭皘粄﹚¨焊ぺェㄈ讽Ы莱荷竡叭珹︽痲癬ǎ莱讽硄焊ぺェㄈ烩⊿Τガ筽跋莱牡镣璣瓣瓁磨ガ筽跋癸ウ硑Θ候繧硂ㄇ竡叭ㄌ沮ぃ琌続ノ驹闽寂砞笆牟祇筽そ1907材そτ琌膀琘ㄇ┦莉眔そ粄玥程膀セ笵σ秖τ硂ㄇσ秖㎝キ戳ゑ驹腨璙硄獺パ玥–瓣產常Τ竡叭ぃ薄猵す砛ㄤ烩砆ノㄓ秈︽獻デ瓣舦笆〃[67]赣い瓣悔猭皘絋粄¨膀琘ㄇ┦莉眔そ粄玥〃竡叭硂ㄇ竡叭琌眖瞷Τ兵猭┪策篋瓣悔猭砏玥い崩旧ㄓ硄盽Τ芠翴粄硂琌兜猭玥琌眖ン讽ㄆよ矗禗ㄓ猭皘眖策篋瓣悔猭à穿ま兜玥⊿Τσ納瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜猭玥[68]硂ぃ材摸玥ㄌ沮妓薄猵祇ネ瓣悔猭皘癸¨猌竟秈︽┪ㄏノ猌竟猭┦〃祇玹高種ǎい瓣悔猭皘矗到種玥good faith琌兜¨膀セ玥〃度¨猭竡叭承㎝糹︽〃い穿ま⊿Τ盡硂琌兜瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜¨猭玥〃[69]妓瓣悔猭皘ňゎの胓獀防荡贺壁竜そ玂痙玹高種ǎい某笵¨ňゎの胓獀防荡贺壁竜そ┮ㄌ沮玥琌ゅ瓣產そ粄癸瓣產ㄣΤ玥ㄏ⊿Τヴ兵竡叭琌そヘ夹琌絋粄粄笵紈程膀セ玥〃[70]琌瓣悔猭皘⊿Τ钡眖硂ㄇ種ǎい眔ヴ猭挡阶¨ňゎの胓獀防荡贺壁竜そ陪礛琌洪笵竡㎝ゅヘτノΞ玃秈ˉ痲'種瓜琌ㄏ荷瓣產把籔秈ㄓ〃[71]瓣悔猭皘ノ摸惫勉ぃ穿ま瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜¨猭玥〃ガ膀猭㎝皑娩狠い瓣悔猭皘続ノ¨娩Τ玥〃uti possidetis juris粄¨琂礛讽ㄆ蛮よ絋璶―だ畑疭ˉ眖崔チ膥┯娩Τ玥'膀娄秆∕ㄤ狠だ畑玥ぃ礚跌娩Τ玥タ琌続ノま癬娩礚┦硂よ拜肈荷恨碞セτē⊿Τゲ璶硂琌疉の獶崔チて兜╟㏕絋ミ瓣悔猭玥懦ㄤ癸獶瑆嘲㎝讽ㄆ蛮よ疭璶┦だ畑ご璶眏秸ㄤ絛瞅┦硂よ莱赣琌娩Τ玥﹁痁瑆砆穿ま㎝続ノ硂琌材ǎ靡獶崔チて瞷禜嘲τ獶崔チて琌璶玡妮虫﹙瓣烩Θ璝稦舦瓣產〃[72]陪礛娩Τ玥琌策篋瓣悔猭種竡矗ぃ妮猭玥絛氓狦瓣悔猭〆穦癬〆穦粄材摸玥ê或购﹚策篋瓣悔猭㎝猭玥娩盢Θエ珼驹 猭玥醚夹¨┯粄〃璶― 猭玥醚琌瓣悔猭〆穦¨猭玥〃盡肈い程ま猔ヘ拜肈2019穦臛阶い峨┰膟〆鸽Charles C. Jalloh某盢セ盡肈嘿э¨猭玥醚〃[73]¨┯粄〃recognition琌闽╰醚籔だ摸兜みず甧¨挡阶2〃砏﹚¨猭玥斗瓣炊筂┯粄穦〃疭厨矗材厨の6兵挡阶¨挡阶4〃¨挡阶9〃常琌癸¨挡阶2〃甶秨阶靡懦¨挡阶2〃临ゼ砆癬〆穦硄筁癸盡肈ゼㄓず甧癬帝龟借┦紇臫ノ掸盢だㄢよㄓ阶瓃籔¨┯粄〃闽瓣悔猭拜肈 ┯粄砰拜肈 ┯粄砰琌瓣產盾︸繦帝崔チて笲笆㎝瞷瓣悔猭¨瓣產キ单玥〃炊筂ミ㎝钡瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜い矗¨ゅ瓣產〃civilized nations琌句玻稼瑆ゅいみ竒Θ筁闽ゅ夹癚阶ぃ仑瓃[74]疭厨¨瓣產〃states蠢¨ゅ瓣產〃硂暗猭眔场だ〆やΤ场だ〆癸玂痙種ǎ璣粂迭稪¨nations〃埃瞶秆Θ¨瓣產〃临瞶秆¨チ壁〃綠賧ㄤい笷猭粄莱瞶秆[75]硂贺瞶秆籔玭獶膟〆疭┰瓆Dire D. Tladi毙甭芠翴ぃ垦τ粄瓣悔猭〆穦Τゲ璶σ诡ぃ壁竤ゅてcultures of groupsτ獶ぃ瓣產ゅてstates[76]ê或¨civilized nations〃迭琌玂痙┪迭蠢Θ阶拜肈らセ膟〆胾獺毙甭粄礚惠Ч┻斌硂惫勉19㎝20Ν戳¨稼瑆いみ竡ゅ阶〃Ν筁ノ¨じゅ〃multicivilizational秆睦隔畖[77]狥ェAntony Anghie瓣竡舦籔瓣悔猭Θい綰崔チ竡琌瓣悔猭Θ籔祇甶璶[78]¨ゅ〃迭セō碞崔チ竡句璉春掸粄疭厨暗猭琌続瞷瓣產ミㄣΤゅて疭翴猭砰╰ノ¨states〃蠢传¨civilized nations〃琌瓣悔猭〆穦赣ゅ拜肈絋篈Τ搭淮崔チ摧紇臫腊э跑瞅露¨稼瑆いみ竡〃瓣悔猭瞷拜肈疉の┯粄砰琌耎ㄤ︽砰ゑ猭玥Θ筁祘い癬璶ノ瓣悔舱麓瞷瓣悔猭瓣產種膀娄┯粄砰絛瞅耎Τ穦旧璓猭诀篶垒ノ¨猭硑猭〃㎝¨瓣悔ミ猭〃獂ては玠畓瓣悔猭 ┯粄砰拜肈 ┯粄耬Τ蔼籔策篋瓣悔猭璶―¨猭絋獺〃opinio juris㎝眏︽猭璶―¨荡计瓣產粄〃Τ跋ぃ顶琿┯粄璶―琌ぃぃだ摸猭玥┮璶―夹琌Τ┮ぃ传杠弧┯粄筁祘碞琌¨醚〃筁祘疭厨材厨い皐癸ぃ摸猭玥だ矗ぃ醚よ猭ゅ盢硋癸闽拜肈秈︽蝶基 1.¨方瓣產猭砰╰猭玥〃醚拜肈 醚兜¨方瓣產猭砰╰猭玥〃疭厨矗ㄢ˙だ猂猭材˙琌絋﹚兜璶猭砰╰Τ玥材˙琌龟赣玥簿竚瓣悔猭砰╰絋玂┯粄璶―眔骸ìゑ耕だ猂絛瞅ゲ斗ㄣΤ約獂┦㎝┦龟筋い瓣悔┦猭诀篶暗猭琌癸ぃ猭╰㎝跋办猭砰╰秈︽ゑ耕硂よ龟筋硄盽ǎ瓣瓣悔┦猭皘㎝猭畑矗ユ1960¨硄︽舦〃い覆靛靡兜ㄏㄤΤ舦秈瓣烩猭玥癸64瓣產猭砰╰秈︽ゑ耕╯粄硂兜╯┮Τ猭╰珹¨嘲猭╰炊硄猭渤チ現砰猭╰レ吹孽猭吹臭蝴ㄈ猭ㄈ瑆猭〃[79]妓1992¨罜荒芉〃い逢緗癸¨獺Λ㎝摸獺Λ诀篶猭砰╰い眔┯粄祘〃秈︽ゑ耕╯硂兜╯瞇籠ぃ跋办炊硄猭╰㎝嘲猭╰珹35瓣產[80] 摸だ猂瓣悔猭烩办陪¨浪诡﹛禗紈┰觅甁紈馋蝴Drazen Erdemovi?〃い玡玭瓣悔ㄆ猭畑禗だ畑絋﹚琌篶ΘЧ俱к臛瞶パ癸嘲猭砰╰瓣產[81]㎝炊硄猭砰╰瓣產[82]のㄤ瓣產[83]猭ㄥ秈︽ゑ耕だ猂だ猂璶猭╰璶猔種匡ぃ跋办瓣產秈︽ゑ耕だ猂[84]絋﹚瓣猭砰╰疭┖盢ㄤだ摸╯ゑ耕猭厩瓣悔猭厩矗ㄑм砃や[85]瞶匡璶猭╰㎝跋办惠璶秈︽贺竒喷蝶︳ゑ耕瓃璶猭╰瞷Τ砏玥т硂ㄇ猭╰¨Τ〃玥瓣猭砰╰瓣產ミ猭㎝猭ゅンい瓣ミ猭い迭粂┪砰ㄒ畉硄筁¨┾禜〃㎝¨阀珹〃眖い崩旧Τ玥硂筁祘ノ琌眖ㄣ砰┾禜耴inductionよ猭玡玭瓣悔ㄆ猭畑糵畑¨浪诡﹛禗ケ膀ㄈAnto Furundzija〃い矗¨絋ˉ眏'迭﹚竡㎝篶Θ璶猭畑Τゲ璶懦璶猭╰Τ猭玥略稸ㄓ硂ㄇ玥方瓣ず猭〃[86]ㄣ砰τē糵畑矗ㄢ兵ン材¨瓣悔┦猭畑ゲ斗懦┮Τ璶猭砰╰Τ阀├㎝猭诀硂兜玡矗琌醚硂ㄇ猭砰╰い夹common denominators獽絋﹚ウ┮Τ膀セ阀├〃材¨琂礛籔瓣ずㄆ祘ゑ瓣悔┦猭畑糵祘瞷ㄇぃ疭┖ê或ㄏノ瓣ず猭阀├ゲ斗璶σ納瓣悔ㄆ祘疭┦〃[87] 磷眖瓣ず猭い懦阀├砆簿竚瓣悔猭祘砆琻Ρゲ斗跌¨簿竚〃筁祘硂琌兜瓣ず猭玥Θ瓣悔猭砏絛璶˙艼硄盽ゅ膍い琌糴獂矗硂よ猭⊿Τ钩疭厨ê妓矗惠骸ìㄢㄣ砰兵ン¨挡阶6〃矗¨簿竚〃筁祘惠骸ìㄢ兵ン材赣玥惠才瓣悔猭膀セ玥材赣玥瓣悔猭砰╰い続ノ兵ン続ㄣ称[88]兜瓣ず猭玥璶镑砆簿竚瓣悔猭い続ノ讽礛ぃ籔瓣悔猭ぃ砆簿竚ㄒ琌¨恨烈舦種玥〃瓣ず猭いヴ狠常矗ユ猭皘掉∕瓣悔猭い⊿Τ砆瓣絋種玥続ノは玥[89]疭厨秆睦材兵ン穿ま瓣悔猭皘ンい讽ㄆ瓣氮臛ゑ¨硄︽舦〃い臛禗い┶荡覆靛穿ま闽烩猭玥粄¨癸╬Τ癩玻┮Τ舦籔瓣產癸烩┮ㄣΤ舦⊿Τ摸ゑ┦〃[90]¨罜荒芉〃い緿ㄈ臛禗い粄¨糵某恨瞶讽Ы竡叭┦借猭皘ゲ斗σ納羛瓣舅彻㎝羛瓣Λ恨﹚龟悔砏﹚緿ㄈ┶荡逢緗盢籔瓣ず猭疭琌炊硄猭いˉ獺Λ'阀├Τ闽俱甅猭舦㎝竡叭ま硂ㄇ兵兵蹿硂妓暗琌癸羛瓣Λ恨膀セ璶Ч岿粇瞶秆瓣ず摸ゑ阀├硂よ基Τ〃[91]礛τ硂ㄇㄒ⊿Τ靡材兵ン癬眏弧ノ瓣產種ǎミ初㎝摸芠翴猭皘╯澈贺醚よ猭Τ秈˙╯硄盽ㄓ弧¨瓣悔猭膀セ玥〃琌瓣悔穦そ粄ㄣΤ炊筂種竡続ノ瓣悔猭烩办篶Θ瓣悔猭膀娄猭玥[92]荷恨瓣ず厩芠翴癸瓣悔猭膀セ玥﹚竡ご琌だ螟癸疭厨矗¨簿竚〃┮惠材兵ン瓣悔猭〆穦尿い癸¨瓣悔猭膀セ玥〃阀├秆睦癸ㄤず瞇㎝┑秈︽﹚ ㄣ称続瓣悔猭砰╰い続ノ兵ン疭厨璶琌瓣悔猭砰╰祘琜ㄤ琌玂靡硂贺続ノ镑笷ヘ磷пΡ㎝垒ノ[93]ぺ峨霉ê筿óそい滇馋吹Fitzmaurice猭﹛種ǎい癸笷猭¨ゲ斗绊硂妓兜玥瓣悔猭烩办ぃ琻Ρ兜╬猭阀├┪籔ㄤ承痷龟┦借ぃ才よΑ癸產╬猭诀篶瓣悔烩办薄猵Τ蛤瓣ず薄猵ゑΤ畉钵瓣ず薄猵Ч瞶砏玥簿竚瓣悔狦腨続ノぃㄣΤ单弧狝璝┛跌硂翴τぃ糵稸癸玥穦旧璓はпΡ瓣ず糷砏﹚癸砏玥┪搭淮惫琁礚猭瓣悔糷眔だは琈眖τ旧璓ベは盽㎝ぃそタ薄猵〃[94]パǎ瓣悔┦猭皘㎝猭畑⊿Τタ矗兜玥簿竚瓣悔猭烩办璶骸ì夹疭厨粄¨讽璶猭砰╰Τ兜玥は琈瓣悔糷礚阶琌は琈兵临琌ㄤ瓣悔ゅい硂常靡赣玥砆簿竚瓣悔猭砰╰い靡沮ㄤ璉呸胯琌狦瓣悔穦硂贺よΑボ┯粄硂玥瓣悔続ノ┦硂種帝赣玥砆粄才瓣悔猭膀セ玥τ瓣悔猭砰╰赣玥続ì続ノ矗ㄑ兵ン〃[95]ㄓ骸ì疭厨矗ㄢ簿竚兵ン獽琌兵㎝瓣悔┦ゅンい瓣悔猭膀セ玥[96]甁の膟〆獼辽默Hussein A. Hassouna2019穦臛阶い矗碭み拜肈簿竚琌龟琁ㄏ兜瓣ず猭玥砏絛基┪龟借ず甧祇ネ跑てΜ兜猭玥瓣悔猭砰╰惠璶σ納ㄇ[97]掸粄疭厨ゼ材厨い秆∕硂ㄇ拜肈Τ尿い眔秈˙╯㎝癚阶 埃だ猂˙艼㎝夹だ猂┮ㄏノ闽┦㎝絛瞅眔跌τē瓣ず猭瞁方珹瓣產ミ猭㎝猭∕玂靡闽┦㎝舦┦琌惠猔種拜肈璶σ納–瓣產猭砰╰ㄣ砰疭翴膥τ疭﹚ンい匡籔ぇ闽ず甧2019瓣悔猭〆穦穦臛阶戳丁砛〆粄瓣悔舱麓癸猭玥Θ癬璶ノ[98]ê或醚兜猭玥筁祘い瓣悔舱麓ゅン琌璶把σ盾莱赣Τ把σゑ硂琌ゼㄓ癚阶拜肈ぇ 羆ㄓ弧掸粄疭厨矗だ猂˙艼兜玥ゲ斗璶猭╰┮Τ砆簿竚瓣悔┦猭诀篶続ノ簿竚薄猵ㄌ酚ㄣ砰薄ㄣ砰だ猂ぃ﹜硄筁瓣悔猭〆穦¨眏墩〃旧紇臫瓣悔┦猭诀篶パ掉秖舦セ盡肈程珼驹キ颗瓣悔┦猭诀篶醚猭玥筁祘いノ瓣悔┦猭诀篶醚猭玥筁祘いㄣΤ璶スセ盡肈絛瞅ぃ瓣悔┦猭皘㎝猭畑恨烈舦┯粄絛瞅秈︽簿竚盢琌ぃ絋[99] 2.¨瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ猭玥〃醚拜肈 ┮ē掸ぃ粄¨瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ猭玥〃疭厨矗硂摸玥兵㎝策篋瓣悔猭Ατぃ琌瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜種竡¨猭玥〃ノ硂摸玥穦硑Θ籔策篋瓣悔猭睼瞔穦倒瓣悔穦矗ㄑ兵承瓣悔猭砏絛倍畖硂贺踞紐2019穦臛阶い砆矗计Ω[100] 疭厨矗贺夹ㄓ醚兜¨瓣悔猭砰╰ずΘ猭玥〃絋﹚兜玥兵㎝ㄤ瓣悔ゅンい眔約獂┯粄┪絋﹚赣兜玥琌兵┪策篋瓣悔猭膀娄┪琌瓣悔猭砰╰膀セ疭┖㎝膀セ璶―┮㏕Τ玥硂贺薄猵骸ì贺靡材贺夹疭厨羭ㄒΤ躇玥Nümberg Principles皑箉吹兵蹿Martens Clause㎝街琕街禣玥the Polluters Pay Principles砆醚猭玥τ硂ㄇ玥璶或琌兵ず甧璶或琌策篋瓣悔猭ぃ琌猭玥瞶材贺夹睼瞔猭玥阀├㎝ず瞇兵┪策篋瓣悔猭膀娄玥琌礛猭種竡¨猭瞶├〃猭玥τぃ琌瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜┮猭玥疭厨┮弧材贺夹琌¨瓣悔猭玥〃猭玥贺厩瞶だ摸ぃ莱讽砆σ納 眔猔種琌い瓣刮⊿Τ逼埃材摸玥┦策篋瓣悔猭籔猭玥┦矗猭玥醚夹ぶ莱妓腨磷ぃ骸ì策篋瓣悔猭醚夹暗猭┪龟筋砆粄﹚猭玥[101] 掸粄疭厨だ猂Θ砰╰Τぇ矪⊿Τ絋盡肈癚阶い砃粂絛瞅㎝﹚竡眏︽崩秈盡肈穦硑Θ瓣悔猭膀セ瞶阶砰╰睼睹タ疭厨厨いê妓¨絋﹚琌猭玥夹ゲ斗腨ぃ眔盢硂ㄇ夹ノ醚瓣悔猭砏絛倍畖硂ㄇ夹ゲ斗ì镑艶ㄏ猭玥醚ぃ砆跌兜ぃЧΘヴ叭т続讽キ颗琌瓣悔猭〆穦セ盡肈眔Θ闽龄〃[102] 挡粂 瓣悔猭〆穦盢¨猭玥〃瞷Τ癚阶盡肈い刚瓜碞琘ㄇ戳某瓣悔猭膀セ瞶阶拜肈笷Θ醚礛τ眖疭厨矗ユㄢ厨の览矗ユ糵某9兵挡阶ㄓ硂贺琌ア毖盡肈い膀セ砃粂竡ぃ旧璓絛瞅ぃ睲倒瓣悔猭〆穦尿盿ㄓぃ獽ゑ盡肈い癚阶¨猭玥〃琌莱瓣悔猭皘砏材38兵材1蹿盙兜絛瞅猭玥琌¨Θ瓣悔猭砰╰〃玥疭厨矗醚猭玥夹琌ì镑腨玃秈瓣悔猭硋亥祇甶㎝絪摹盡诀篶ぃ約獂瞶阶籔龟筋膀娄瓣悔猭〆穦莱讽秆∕盡肈秨甶玡竚┦拜肈タ絋糹︽ㄤ戮 и莱讽膥尿闽猔盡肈笆篈瓣悔猭〆穦¨猭玥〃盡肈秨甶癸往睲猭玥阀├㎝ず瞇Τ縩伐紇臫伦碔厩癚阶瓣悔┦猭诀篶㎝瓣笲ノ猭玥矗ㄑ玭¨猭玥〃盡肈┮处ボ醚籔だ猍は琈龟靡竡瓣悔猭疭翴瓣悔猭膀娄ㄓ方瓣種妓瓣悔┦猭诀篶粄┪醚猭玥莱讽祇揣縩伐ノぷㄤ癸êㄇ腊ウ磷¨礚猭ㄌ〃猵摸玥
Dear visitor,you are attempting to view a subscription-based section of lawinfochina.com. If you are already a subscriber, please login to enjoy access to our databases . If you are not a subscriber, please subscribe . Should you have any questions, please contact us at:
+86 (10) 8268-9699 or +86 (10) 8266-8266 (ext. 153)
Mobile: +86 133-1157-0713
Fax: +86 (10) 8266-8268
database@chinalawinfo.com
|