| | |
| Order of the President of the People's Republic of China | | 中華人民共和國主席令 |
| (No. 45) | | （第四十五號） |
| The Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, as adopted at the 3rd Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on May 28, 2020, is hereby issued, and shall come into force on January 1, 2021. | | 《中華人民共和國民法典》已由中華人民共和國第十三屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議于2020年5月28日通過，現予公布，自2021年1月1日起施行。 |
| Xi Jinping, President of the People's Republic of China | | 中華人民共和國主席 習近平 |
| May 28, 2020 | | 2020年5月28日 |
| Civil Code of the People's Republic of China | | 中華人民共和國民法典 |
| (Adopted at the 3rd Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on May 28, 2020) | | （2020年5月28日第十三屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過） |
| Table of Contents | | 目錄 |
| Book One General Provisions | | 第一編 總則 |
| Chapter I Basic Provisions | | 第一章 基本規定 |
| Chapter II Natural Persons | | 第二章 自然人 |
| Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct | | 第一節 民事權利能力和民事行為能力 |
| Section 2 Guardianship | | 第二節 監護 |
| Section 3 Declaration of Absence and Declaration of Death | | 第三節 宣告失蹤和宣告死亡 |
| Section 4 Individual Industrial and Commercial Households and Rural Usufructuary Households | | 第四節 個體工商戶和農村承包經營戶 |
| Chapter III Legal Persons | | 第三章 法人 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Section 2 For-profit Legal Persons | | 第二節 營利法人 |
| Section 3 Non-profit Legal Persons | | 第三節 非營利法人 |
| Section 4 Special Legal Persons | | 第四節 特別法人 |
| Chapter IV Unincorporated Organizations | | 第四章 非法人組織 |
| Chapter V Civil Rights | | 第五章 民事權利 |
| Chapter VI Juridical Acts | | 第六章 民事法律行為 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Section 2 Declaration of Will | | 第二節 意思表示 |
| Section 3 Validity of Juridical Acts | | 第三節 民事法律行為的效力 |
| Section 4 Juridical Acts Subject to Conditions or Terms | | 第四節 民事法律行為的附條件和附期限 |
| Chapter VII Agency | | 第七章 代理 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Section 2 Agency by Mandate | | 第二節 委托代理 |
| Section 3 Termination of Agency | | 第三節 代理終止 |
| Chapter VIII Civil Liability | | 第八章 民事責任 |
| Chapter IX Extinctive Prescription | | 第九章 訴訟時效 |
| Chapter X Calculation of Time Periods | | 第十章 期間計算 |
| Book Two Real Rights | | 第二編 物權 |
| Title One General Provisions | | 第一分編 通則 |
| Chapter I General Rules | | 第一章 一般規定 |
| Chapter II Creation, Modification, Transfer and Extinction of Real Rights | | 第二章 物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅 |
| Section 1 Registration of Immovables | | 第一節 不動產登記 |
| Section 2 Delivery of Movables | | 第二節 動產交付 |
| Section 3 Other Provisions | | 第三節 其他規定 |
| Chapter III Protection of Real Rights | | 第三章 物權的保護 |
| Title Two Ownership | | 第二分編 所有權 |
| Chapter IV General Rules | | 第四章 一般規定 |
| Chapter V State Ownership, Collective Ownership and Private Ownership | | 第五章 國家所有權和集體所有權、私人所有權 |
| Chapter VI Owners' Separate Ownership in a Building | | 第六章 業主的建築物區分所有權 |
| Chapter VII Neighboring Relations | | 第七章 相鄰關系 |
| Chapter VIII Co-ownership | | 第八章 共有 |
| Chapter IX Special Provisions on the Obtainment of Ownership | | 第九章 所有權取得的特別規定 |
| Title Three Usufruct | | 第三分編 用益物權 |
| Chapter X General Rules | | 第十章 一般規定 |
| Chapter XI Conventional Usufruct on Rural Land for Agricultural Operations | | 第十一章 土地承包經營權 |
| Chapter XII Right to Use Land for Construction | | 第十二章 建設用地使用權 |
| Chapter XIII Right to Use Rural Land as a Residential Lot | | 第十三章 宅基地使用權 |
| Chapter XIV Right of Habitation | | 第十四章 居住權 |
| Chapter XV Servitude | | 第十五章 地役權 |
| Title Four Security Interests | | 第四分編 擔保物權 |
| Chapter XVI General Rules | | 第十六章 一般規定 |
| Chapter XVII Mortgage | | 第十七章 抵押權 |
| Section 1 Ordinary Mortgage | | 第一節 一般抵押權 |
| Section 2 Maximum Mortgage | | 第二節 最高額抵押權 |
| Chapter XVIII Pledge | | 第十八章 質權 |
| Section 1 Pledge of Movables | | 第一節 動產質權 |
| Section 2 Pledge of Rights | | 第二節 權利質權 |
| Chapter XIX Lien | | 第十九章 留置權 |
| Title Five Possession | | 第五分編 占有 |
| Chapter XX Possession | | 第二十章 占有 |
| Book Three Contracts | | 第三編 合同 |
| Title One General Provisions | | 第一分編 通則 |
| Chapter I General Rules | | 第一章 一般規定 |
| Chapter II Contracting | | 第二章 合同的訂立 |
| Chapter III Validity of Contracts | | 第三章 合同的效力 |
| Chapter IV Performance of Contracts | | 第四章 合同的履行 |
| Chapter V Preservation of Contracts | | 第五章 合同的保全 |
| Chapter VI Modification and Assignment of Contracts | | 第六章 合同的變更和轉讓 |
| Chapter VII Termination of Contractual Rights and Obligations | | 第七章 合同的權利義務終止 |
| Chapter VIII Liability for Breach of Contract | | 第八章 違約責任 |
| Title Two Nominate Contracts | | 第二分編 典型合同 |
| Chapter IX Sales Contracts | | 第九章 買賣合同 |
| Chapter X Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas, or Heat | | 第十章 供用電、水、氣、熱力合同 |
| Chapter XI Gift Contracts | | 第十一章 贈與合同 |
| Chapter XII Contracts for Loan of Money | | 第十二章 借款合同 |
| Chapter XIII Contracts of Suretyship | | 第十三章 保證合同 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Section 2 Suretyship Liability | | 第二節 保證責任 |
| Chapter XIV Leasing Contracts | | 第十四章 租賃合同 |
| Chapter XV Financial Leasing Contracts | | 第十五章 融資租賃合同 |
| Chapter XVI Factoring Contracts | | 第十六章 保理合同 |
| Chapter XVII Contracts for Work | | 第十七章 承攬合同 |
| Chapter XVIII Contracts for Construction Projects | | 第十八章 建設工程合同 |
| Chapter XIX Transportation Contracts | | 第十九章 運輸合同 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Section 2 Passenger Transportation Contracts | | 第二節 客運合同 |
| Section 3 Cargo Transportation Contracts | | 第三節 貨運合同 |
| Section 4 Multimodal Transport Contracts | | 第四節 多式聯運合同 |
| Chapter XX Technology Contracts | | 第二十章 技術合同 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Section 2 Technology Development Contracts | | 第二節 技術開發合同 |
| Section 3 Technology Transfer Contracts and Technology License Contracts | | 第三節 技術轉讓合同和技術許可合同 |
| Section 4 Technical Consulting Contracts and Technical Service Contracts | | 第四節 技術咨詢合同和技術服務合同 |
| Chapter XXI Deposit Contracts | | 第二十一章 保管合同 |
| Chapter XXII Warehousing Contracts | | 第二十二章 倉儲合同 |
| Chapter XXIII Contracts of Mandate | | 第二十三章 委托合同 |
| Chapter XXIV Property Management Service Contracts | | 第二十四章 物業服務合同 |
| Chapter XXV Commission Agent Contracts | | 第二十五章 行紀合同 |
| Chapter XXVI Intermediary Contracts | | 第二十六章 中介合同 |
| Chapter XXVII Contracts of Partnership | | 第二十七章 合夥合同 |
| Title Three Quasi-contracts | | 第三分編 准合同 |
| Chapter XXVIII Management of the Business of Another | | 第二十八章 無因管理 |
| Chapter XXIX Unjust Enrichment | | 第二十九章 不當得利 |
| Book Four Personality Rights | | 第四編 人格權 |
| Chapter I General Rules | | 第一章 一般規定 |
| Chapter II Rights of Life, Inviolability and Integrity of Person, and Health | | 第二章 生命權、身體權和健康權 |
| Chapter III Right of Name | | 第三章 姓名權和名稱權 |
| Chapter IV Right of Likeness | | 第四章 肖像權 |
| Chapter V Right of Reputation and Right of Honor | | 第五章 名譽權和榮譽權 |
| Chapter VI Right of Privacy and Protection of Personal Information | | 第六章 隱私權和個人信息保護 |
| Book Five Marriage and Family | | 第五編 婚姻家庭 |
| Chapter I General Rules | | 第一章 一般規定 |
| Chapter II Marriage | | 第二章 結婚 |
| Chapter III Family Relations | | 第三章 家庭關系 |
| Section 1 Husband and Wife | | 第一節 夫妻關系 |
| Section 2 Parents, Children and Other Close Relatives | | 第二節 父母子女關系和其他近親屬關系 |
| Chapter IV Divorce | | 第四章 離婚 |
| Chapter V Adoption | | 第五章 收養 |
| Section 1 Establishment of an Adoptive Relationship | | 第一節 收養關系的成立 |
| Section 2 Validity of Adoption | | 第二節 收養的效力 |
| Section 3 Termination of an Adoptive Relationship | | 第三節 收養關系的解除 |
| Book Six Succession | | 第六編 繼承 |
| Chapter I General Rules | | 第一章 一般規定 |
| Chapter II Statutory Succession | | 第二章 法定繼承 |
| Chapter III Testamentary Succession and Legacy | | 第三章 遺囑繼承和遺贈 |
| Chapter IV Disposition of the Estate | | 第四章 遺產的處理 |
| Book Seven Tort Liability | | 第七編 侵權責任 |
| Chapter I General Rules | | 第一章 一般規定 |
| Chapter II Damages | | 第二章 損害賠償 |
| Chapter III Special Provisions on Tortfeasors | | 第三章 責任主體的特殊規定 |
| Chapter IV Product Liability | | 第四章 產品責任 |
| Chapter V Liability for Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident | | 第五章 機動車交通事故責任 |
| Chapter VI Liability for Medical Malpractice | | 第六章 醫療損害責任 |
| Chapter VII Liability for Environmental Pollution and Ecological Damage | | 第七章 環境汙染和生態破壞責任 |
| Chapter VIII Liability for Ultrahazardous Activity | | 第八章 高度危險責任 |
| Chapter IX Liability for Harm Caused by Domestic Animal | | 第九章 飼養動物損害責任 |
| Chapter X Liability for Harm Caused by Building or Object | | 第十章 建築物和物件損害責任 |
| Supplemental Provisions | | 附則 |
| Book One General Provisions | | 第一編 總則 |
| Chapter I Basic Provisions | | 第一章 基本規定 |
| Article 1 This Code is enacted in accordance with the Constitution for the purposes of protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties to civil legal relations, regulating civil relations, maintaining the social and economic order, meeting the developmental requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and upholding core socialist values. | | 第一條 為了保護民事主體的合法權益，調整民事關系，維護社會和經濟秩序，適應中國特色社會主義發展要求，弘揚社會主義核心價值觀，根據憲法，制定本法。 |
| Article 2 Civil law regulates the personal relationships and property relationships among natural persons, legal persons, and unincorporated organizations, as equal parties. | | 第二條 民法調整平等主體的自然人、法人和非法人組織之間的人身關系和財產關系。 |
| Article 3 The personal rights, property rights, and other lawful rights and interests of the parties to civil legal relations shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual may infringe upon such rights and interests. | | 第三條 民事主體的人身權利、財產權利以及其他合法權益受法律保護，任何組織或者個人不得侵犯。 |
| Article 4 All parties to civil legal relations are equal in legal status in civil activities. | | 第四條 民事主體在民事活動中的法律地位一律平等。 |
| Article 5 The parties to civil legal relations shall conduct civil activities under the principle of free will, and create, modify, or terminate civil legal relations according to their own wills. | | 第五條 民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循自願原則，按照自己的意思設立、變更、終止民事法律關系。 |
| Article 6 The parties to civil legal relations shall conduct civil activities under the principle of fairness, and rationally determine the rights and obligations of each party. | | 第六條 民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循公平原則，合理確定各方的權利和義務。 |
| Article 7 The parties to civil legal relations shall conduct civil activities under the principle of good faith, adhere to honesty, and fulfill their promises. | | 第七條 民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循誠信原則，秉持誠實，恪守承諾。 |
| Article 8 The parties to civil legal relations shall not conduct civil activities in violation of the law, nor contrary to public order and good morals. | | 第八條 民事主體從事民事活動，不得違反法律，不得違背公序良俗。 |
| Article 9 The parties to civil legal relations shall conduct civil activities contributing to the conservation of resources and protection of environment. | | 第九條 民事主體從事民事活動，應當有利于節約資源、保護生態環境。 |
| Article 10 Civil disputes shall be resolved in accordance with the law; or if the law is silent, customs may apply, but not contrary to public order and good morals. | | 第十條 處理民事糾紛，應當依照法律；法律沒有規定的，可以適用習慣，但是不得違背公序良俗。 |
| Article 11 Where there are any special provisions on civil relations in any other law, such special provisions shall apply. | | 第十一條 其他法律對民事關系有特別規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 12 The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities within the territory of the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第十二條 中華人民共和國領域內的民事活動，適用中華人民共和國法律。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Chapter II Natural Persons | | 第二章 自然人 |
| Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct | | 第一節 民事權利能力和民事行為能力 |
| Article 13 A natural person has the capacity for civil rights from the moment of birth to the moment of death, enjoying civil rights and assuming civil obligations in accordance with the law. | | 第十三條 自然人從出生時起到死亡時止，具有民事權利能力，依法享有民事權利，承擔民事義務。 |
| Article 14 All natural persons are equal in capacity for civil rights. | | 第十四條 自然人的民事權利能力一律平等。 |
| Article 15 The time of birth and the time of death of a natural person shall be the ones recorded on his or her birth certificate or death certificate; or in the absence of a birth certificate or death certificate, the time shall be the one recorded in the household registration or any other valid identity registration. If there is any other evidence sufficient to overturn the aforesaid time, the time proved by such evidence shall prevail. | | 第十五條 自然人的出生時間和死亡時間，以出生證明、死亡證明記載的時間為准；沒有出生證明、死亡證明的，以戶籍登記或者其他有效身份登記記載的時間為准。有其他證據足以推翻以上記載時間的，以該證據證明的時間為准。 |
| Article 16 Where the protection of the interests of a fetus is involved in, among others, a succession or acceptance of a gift, the fetus shall be presumed to have capacity for civil rights. However, in case of a stillborn, the fetus's capacity for civil rights has never existed. | | 第十六條 涉及遺產繼承、接受贈與等胎兒利益保護的，胎兒視為具有民事權利能力。但是，胎兒娩出時為死體的，其民事權利能力自始不存在。 |
| Article 17 A natural person attaining the age of eighteen is an adult. A natural person under the age of eighteen is a minor. | | 第十七條 十八周歲以上的自然人為成年人。不滿十八周歲的自然人為未成年人。 |
| Article 18 An adult has full capacity for civil conduct, and may perform juridical acts independently. | | 第十八條 成年人為完全民事行為能力人，可以獨立實施民事法律行為。 |
| A minor attaining the age of sixteen and primarily relying on his or her own labor income in living is deemed a person with full capacity for civil conduct. | | 十六周歲以上的未成年人，以自己的勞動收入為主要生活來源的，視為完全民事行為能力人。 |
| Article 19 A minor attaining the age of eight is a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented by his or her statutory agent in performing juridical acts or whose performance of juridical acts shall be consented to or ratified by his or her statutory agent, but may alone perform juridical acts which purely benefit the minor or are commensurate with his or her age and intelligence. | | 第十九條 八周歲以上的未成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經其法定代理人同意、追認；但是，可以獨立實施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其年齡、智力相適應的民事法律行為。 |
| Article 20 A minor under the age of eight is a person without capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented in performing civil juridical acts by his or her statutory agent. | | 第二十條 不滿八周歲的未成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。 |
| Article 21 An adult incapable of discerning his or her conduct is a person without capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented by his or her statutory agent in performing juridical acts. | | 第二十一條 不能辨認自己行為的成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。 |
| The provision of the preceding paragraph shall also apply to a minor attaining the age of eight without the power of discernment of his or her conduct. | | 八周歲以上的未成年人不能辨認自己行為的，適用前款規定。 |
| Article 22 An adult incapable of fully discerning his or her conduct shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, who shall be represented by his or her statutory agent in performing juridical acts or whose performance of juridical acts shall be consented to or ratified by his or her statutory agent, but may perform alone juridical acts which purely benefit the adult or are commensurate with his or her intelligence and mental health. | | 第二十二條 不能完全辨認自己行為的成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經其法定代理人同意、追認；但是，可以獨立實施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其智力、精神健康狀況相適應的民事法律行為。 |
| Article 23 The guardian of a person without capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct shall be the statutory agent of the person. | | 第二十三條 無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人的監護人是其法定代理人。 |
| Article 24 For an adult incapable of discerning or fully discerning his or her conduct, an interested party or a relevant organization may apply to a people's court for determining the adult as a person without capacity for civil conduct or a person with limited capacity for civil conduct. | | 第二十四條 不能辨認或者不能完全辨認自己行為的成年人，其利害關系人或者有關組織，可以向人民法院申請認定該成年人為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人。 |
| After the adult is determined by a people's court as a person without capacity for civil conduct or a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, the people's court may, based on the recovery of his or her intelligence or mental health, determine the adult as a person with limited capacity for civil conduct or a person with full capacity for civil conduct, upon his or her application or application of an interested party or a relevant organization. | | 被人民法院認定為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人的，經本人、利害關系人或者有關組織申請，人民法院可以根據其智力、精神健康恢複的狀況，認定該成年人恢複為限制民事行為能力人或者完全民事行為能力人。 |
| For the purposes of this article, the relevant organizations include but are not limited to: an urban residents' committee, a villagers' committee, a school, a medical institution, a women's federation, a disabled persons' federation, an organization legally formed for seniors, and a civil affairs department, among others. | | 本條規定的有關組織包括：居民委員會、村民委員會、學校、醫療機構、婦女聯合會、殘疾人聯合會、依法設立的老年人組織、民政部門等。 |
| Article 25 The domicile of a natural person shall be his or her residence recorded in the household registration or any other valid identity registration; but if his or her habitual residence is different from the domicile, the habitual residence shall be deemed his or her domicile. | | 第二十五條 自然人以戶籍登記或者其他有效身份登記記載的居所為住所；經常居所與住所不一致的，經常居所視為住所。 |
| Section 2 Guardianship | | 第二節 監護 |
| Article 26 Parents have the obligations of maintenance, education, and protection of their minor children. | | 第二十六條 父母對未成年子女負有撫養、教育和保護的義務。 |
| Adult children have the obligations of supporting, assistance, and protection of their parents. | | 成年子女對父母負有贍養、扶助和保護的義務。 |
| Article 27 The parents of a minor are his or her guardians. | | 第二十七條 父母是未成年子女的監護人。 |
| Where both parents of a minor are dead or incapable of acting as a guardian, the following persons capable of acting as a guardian shall act as the guardian of the minor in the following order: | | 未成年人的父母已經死亡或者沒有監護能力的，由下列有監護能力的人按順序擔任監護人： |
| (1) Paternal or maternal grandparents of the minor. | | （一）祖父母、外祖父母； |
| (2) Elder brothers or sisters of the minor. | | （二）兄、姐； |
| (3) Other individuals or organizations willing to act as the guardian, provided that it is approved by the urban residents' committee, villagers' committee, or civil affairs department of the place of the minor's domicile. | | （三）其他願意擔任監護人的個人或者組織，但是須經未成年人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門同意。 |
| Article 28 The following persons capable of acting as a guardian shall, in the following order, act as the guardian of an adult without capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct: | | 第二十八條 無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的成年人，由下列有監護能力的人按順序擔任監護人： |
| (1) Spouse of the adult. | | （一）配偶； |
| (2) Parents or children of the adult. | | （二）父母、子女； |
| (3) Other close relatives of the adult. | | （三）其他近親屬； |
| (4) Other individuals or organizations willing to act as the guardian, provided that it is approved by the urban residents' committee, villagers' committee, or civil affairs department of the place of the adult's domicile. | | （四）其他願意擔任監護人的個人或者組織，但是須經被監護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門同意。 |
| Article 29 Where the parents of a ward are his or her guardians, they may designate the guardian by a will. | | 第二十九條 被監護人的父母擔任監護人的，可以通過遺囑指定監護人。 |
| Article 30 Persons legally qualified for guardianship may, by agreement, determine the guardian. The true will of the ward shall be respected in the determination of guardian by agreement. | | 第三十條 依法具有監護資格的人之間可以協議確定監護人。協議確定監護人應當尊重被監護人的真實意願。 |
| Article 31 In case of any dispute over the determination of guardian, the urban residents' committee, villagers' committee, or civil affairs department of the place of the ward's domicile may designate the guardian, and against the aforesaid designation, the relevant parties may apply to the people's court for designating the guardian; and the relevant parties may, notwithstanding, directly apply to the people's court for designating the guardian. | | 第三十一條 對監護人的確定有爭議的，由被監護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門指定監護人，有關當事人對指定不服的，可以向人民法院申請指定監護人；有關當事人也可以直接向人民法院申請指定監護人。 |
| The urban residents' committee, villagers' committee, civil affairs department, or people's court shall respect the true will of the ward, and designate the guardian from among persons legally qualified for guardianship under the principle of most benefiting the ward. | | 居民委員會、村民委員會、民政部門或者人民法院應當尊重被監護人的真實意願，按照最有利于被監護人的原則在依法具有監護資格的人中指定監護人。 |
| Before the guardian is designated under paragraph 1 of this article, if the personal rights, property rights, and other lawful rights and interests of the ward are under no protection, the urban residents' committee, villagers' committee, relevant organization prescribed by the law, or civil affairs department of the place of the ward's domicile shall act as the provisional guardian. | | 依據本條第一款規定指定監護人前，被監護人的人身權利、財產權利以及其他合法權益處于無人保護狀態的，由被監護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會、法律規定的有關組織或者民政部門擔任臨時監護人。 |
| After designation, the guardian shall not be replaced without permission; and in case of replacement without permission, the designated guardian is not relieved of his or her responsibilities. | | 監護人被指定後，不得擅自變更；擅自變更的，不免除被指定的監護人的責任。 |
| Article 32 Where there is no person legally qualified for guardianship, the civil affairs department may or the urban residents' committee or villagers' committee of the place of the ward's domicile satisfying the conditions for performing the duty of guardianship may act as the guardian. | | 第三十二條 沒有依法具有監護資格的人的，監護人由民政部門擔任，也可以由具備履行監護職責條件的被監護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會擔任。 |
| Article 33 An adult with full capacity for civil conduct may, by consulting in advance with his or her close relatives or other individuals or organizations willing to act as a guardian, determine his or her guardian in writing. When the adult loses all or part of capacity for civil conduct, the guardian shall perform the duty of guardianship of the adult. | | 第三十三條 具有完全民事行為能力的成年人，可以與其近親屬、其他願意擔任監護人的個人或者組織事先協商，以書面形式確定自己的監護人，在自己喪失或者部分喪失民事行為能力時，由該監護人履行監護職責。 |
| Article 34 The duties of a guardian include but are not limited to representing the ward in performing juridical acts and protecting the personal rights, property rights, and other lawful rights and interests of the ward. | | 第三十四條 監護人的職責是代理被監護人實施民事法律行為，保護被監護人的人身權利、財產權利以及其他合法權益等。 |
| The guardian's rights arising from performance of the duty of guardianship in accordance with the law shall be protected by law. | | 監護人依法履行監護職責產生的權利，受法律保護。 |
| A guardian failing to perform the duty of guardianship or infringing upon the ward's lawful rights and interests shall assume legal liability. | | 監護人不履行監護職責或者侵害被監護人合法權益的，應當承擔法律責任。 |
| In case of emergency or under any other emergency circumstance, the guardian is temporarily unable to perform the duty of guardianship and the ward's life is unattended, the urban residents' committee, villagers' committee, or civil affairs department of the place of the ward's domicile shall arrange for necessary daily care for the ward. | | 因發生突發事件等緊急情況，監護人暫時無法履行監護職責，被監護人的生活處于無人照料狀態的，被監護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門應當為被監護人安排必要的臨時生活照料措施。 |
| Article 35 A guardian shall perform the duty of guardianship under the principle of most benefiting the ward. The guardian shall not dispose of the ward's property unless for safeguarding the ward's interests. | | 第三十五條 監護人應當按照最有利于被監護人的原則履行監護職責。監護人除為維護被監護人利益外，不得處分被監護人的財產。 |
| The guardian of a minor shall, in the performance of the duty of guardianship, respect the ward's true will when making decisions related to the ward's interests according to the ward's age and intelligence. | | 未成年人的監護人履行監護職責，在作出與被監護人利益有關的決定時，應當根據被監護人的年齡和智力狀況，尊重被監護人的真實意願。 |
| The guardian of an adult shall, in the performance of the duty of guardianship, respect the ward's true will to the fullest extent, safeguard and assist the ward in performing juridical acts that are commensurate with the ward's intelligence and mental health. The guardian shall not interfere with any affairs that the ward is capable of handling alone. | | 成年人的監護人履行監護職責，應當最大程度地尊重被監護人的真實意願，保障並協助被監護人實施與其智力、精神健康狀況相適應的民事法律行為。對被監護人有能力獨立處理的事務，監護人不得幹涉。 |
| Article 36 Where a guardian falls under any of the following circumstances, the people's court shall, upon application of the relevant individual or organization, disqualify the guardian, arrange necessary provisional guardianship measures, and designate another guardian in accordance with the law under the principle of most benefiting the ward: | | 第三十六條 監護人有下列情形之一的，人民法院根據有關個人或者組織的申請，撤銷其監護人資格，安排必要的臨時監護措施，並按照最有利于被監護人的原則依法指定監護人： |
| (1) Committing any conduct seriously detrimental to the ward's physical and mental health. | | （一）實施嚴重損害被監護人身心健康的行為； |
| (2) Being slack in performing the duty of guardianship, or being incapable of performing the duty of guardianship but refusing to delegate part or all of the duty of guardianship to another person, which causes distress of the ward. | | （二）怠于履行監護職責，或者無法履行監護職責且拒絕將監護職責部分或者全部委托給他人，導致被監護人處于危困狀態； |
| (3) Otherwise seriously infringing upon the ward's lawful rights and interests. | | （三）實施嚴重侵害被監護人合法權益的其他行為。 |
| For the purposes of this article, the relevant individuals and organizations include but are not limited to: any other person legally qualified for guardianship, an urban residents' committee, a villagers' committee, a school, a medical institution, a women's federation, a disabled persons' federation, an organization for the protection of minors, an organization legally formed for seniors, and a civil affairs department. | | 本條規定的有關個人、組織包括：其他依法具有監護資格的人，居民委員會、村民委員會、學校、醫療機構、婦女聯合會、殘疾人聯合會、未成年人保護組織、依法設立的老年人組織、民政部門等。 |
| Where the individuals and organizations except the civil affairs department as prescribed in the preceding paragraph fail to apply for the disqualification of the guardian to the people's court in a timely manner, the civil affairs department shall file such an application with the people's court. | | 前款規定的個人和民政部門以外的組織未及時向人民法院申請撤銷監護人資格的，民政部門應當向人民法院申請。 |
| Article 37 Parents, children, and spouses who support the wards in the form of child support, support for elderly parents, or spousal support in accordance with the law shall continue to perform such obligations after they are disqualified by the people's courts as guardians. | | 第三十七條 依法負擔被監護人撫養費、贍養費、扶養費的父母、子女、配偶等，被人民法院撤銷監護人資格後，應當繼續履行負擔的義務。 |
| Article 38 Where the ward's parent or child shows true repentance after being disqualified from guardianship by the people's court, except one having committed an intentional crime on the ward, the people's court may, by respecting the ward's true will and according to the circumstances, reinstate his or her guardianship upon his or her application, and the guardianship between the guardian designated by the people's court and the ward shall terminate concurrently. | | 第三十八條 被監護人的父母或者子女被人民法院撤銷監護人資格後，除對被監護人實施故意犯罪的外，確有悔改表現的，經其申請，人民法院可以在尊重被監護人真實意願的前提下，視情況恢複其監護人資格，人民法院指定的監護人與被監護人的監護關系同時終止。 |
| Article 39 Under any of the following circumstances, the guardianship shall terminate: | | 第三十九條 有下列情形之一的，監護關系終止： |
| (1) The ward obtains or regains full capacity for civil conduct. | | （一）被監護人取得或者恢複完全民事行為能力； |
| (2) The guardian becomes incapable of guardianship. | | （二）監護人喪失監護能力； |
| (3) The ward or the guardian dies. | | （三）被監護人或者監護人死亡； |
| (4) The guardian relationship otherwise terminates as determined by a people's court. | | （四）人民法院認定監護關系終止的其他情形。 |
| If the ward still needs guardianship after the guardianship terminates, another guardian shall be determined in accordance with the law. | | 監護關系終止後，被監護人仍然需要監護的，應當依法另行確定監護人。 |
| Section 3 Declaration of Absence and Declaration of Death | | 第三節 宣告失蹤和宣告死亡 |
| Article 40 Where a natural person has disappeared for two years, an interested party may apply to a people's court for a declaration of absence of the natural person. | | 第四十條 自然人下落不明滿二年的，利害關系人可以向人民法院申請宣告該自然人為失蹤人。 |
| Article 41 The period of disappearance of a natural person shall be counted from the day when he or she is not heard from. If a person disappears during a war, the period of disappearance shall be counted from the day when the war ends or from the date of absence as confirmed by the relevant authority. | | 第四十一條 自然人下落不明的時間自其失去音訊之日起計算。戰爭期間下落不明的，下落不明的時間自戰爭結束之日或者有關機關確定的下落不明之日起計算。 |
| Article 42 The property of an absentee shall be under the custody of his or her spouse, adult children, parents, or any other person willing to act as custodian of the property. | | 第四十二條 失蹤人的財產由其配偶、成年子女、父母或者其他願意擔任財產代管人的人代管。 |
| If there is any dispute over custody or the persons as mentioned in the preceding paragraph do not exist or are incapable of custody, the property shall be under the custody of a person designated by a people's court. | | 代管有爭議，沒有前款規定的人，或者前款規定的人無代管能力的，由人民法院指定的人代管。 |
| Article 43 The property custodian shall appropriately manage the absentee's property, and protect the property rights and interests of the absentee. | | 第四十三條 財產代管人應當妥善管理失蹤人的財產，維護其財產權益。 |
| Any taxes and debts owed and other expenses payable by the absentee shall be paid by the property custodian out of the absentee's property. | | 失蹤人所欠稅款、債務和應付的其他費用，由財產代管人從失蹤人的財產中支付。 |
| Where the property custodian causes damage to the absentee's property intentionally or with gross negligence, the custodian shall assume compensatory liability. | | 財產代管人因故意或者重大過失造成失蹤人財產損失的，應當承擔賠償責任。 |
| Article 44 Where the property custodian fails to perform the duty of custody, infringes upon the absentee's property rights and interests, or becomes incapable of custody, an interested party for the absentee may apply to a people's court for replacement of the property custodian. | | 第四十四條 財產代管人不履行代管職責、侵害失蹤人財產權益或者喪失代管能力的，失蹤人的利害關系人可以向人民法院申請變更財產代管人。 |
| The property custodian may, for good reason, apply to a people's court for replacement of the property custodian. | | 財產代管人有正當理由的，可以向人民法院申請變更財產代管人。 |
| Where the people's court decides to replace the property custodian, the replacement custodian shall have the right to request the original custodian to hand over relevant property and report on property custody in a timely manner. | | 人民法院變更財產代管人的，變更後的財產代管人有權請求原財產代管人及時移交有關財產並報告財產代管情況。 |
| Article 45 Where an absentee reappears, the people's court shall revoke the declaration of absence upon application of the person or an interested party. | | 第四十五條 失蹤人重新出現，經本人或者利害關系人申請，人民法院應當撤銷失蹤宣告。 |
| Where an absentee reappears, the person shall have the right to request the property custodian to hand over relevant property and report on property custody in a timely manner. | | 失蹤人重新出現，有權請求財產代管人及時移交有關財產並報告財產代管情況。 |
| Article 46 Where a natural person falls under any of the following circumstances, an interested party may apply to a people's court for a declaration of death of the natural person: | | 第四十六條 自然人有下列情形之一的，利害關系人可以向人民法院申請宣告該自然人死亡： |
| (1) The natural person has disappeared for four years. | | （一）下落不明滿四年； |
| (2) The natural person has disappeared for two years from an accident. | | （二）因意外事件，下落不明滿二年。 |
| Where a person has disappeared from an accident, and it is impossible for the person to survive the accident as certified by the relevant authority, an application for a declaration of death of the person is not subject to the two-year period. | | 因意外事件下落不明，經有關機關證明該自然人不可能生存的，申請宣告死亡不受二年時間的限制。 |
| Article 47 Where both an application for a declaration of death and an application for a declaration of absence of the same natural person are filed by the interested parties with a people's court, the people's court shall declare the death of the person if the conditions for a declaration of death as set out in this Code are met. | | 第四十七條 對同一自然人，有的利害關系人申請宣告死亡，有的利害關系人申請宣告失蹤，符合本法規定的宣告死亡條件的，人民法院應當宣告死亡。 |
| Article 48 The day when the people's court renders a judgment to declare the death of a person shall be deemed the date of death of the person; but if the person is declared dead for his or her disappearance from an accident, the day when the accident occurred shall be deemed the date of death of the person. | | 第四十八條 被宣告死亡的人，人民法院宣告死亡的判決作出之日視為其死亡的日期；因意外事件下落不明宣告死亡的，意外事件發生之日視為其死亡的日期。 |
| Article 49 Where a natural person declared dead is alive, the validity of the juridical acts performed by the natural person during the period of declared death shall not be affected. | | 第四十九條 自然人被宣告死亡但是並未死亡的，不影響該自然人在被宣告死亡期間實施的民事法律行為的效力。 |
| Article 50 Where a person declared dead reappears, the people's court shall revoke the declaration of death upon application of the person or an interested party. | | 第五十條 被宣告死亡的人重新出現，經本人或者利害關系人申請，人民法院應當撤銷死亡宣告。 |
| Article 51 The marital relationship of a person declared dead shall be extinguished from the date of declaration of death. If the declaration of death is revoked, the marital relationship shall resume automatically from the date of revocation of the declaration of death, unless his or her spouse has remarried or submits to the marriage registration authority a written statement of refusal to resume marriage. | | 第五十一條 被宣告死亡的人的婚姻關系，自死亡宣告之日起消除。死亡宣告被撤銷的，婚姻關系自撤銷死亡宣告之日起自行恢複。但是，其配偶再婚或者向婚姻登記機關書面聲明不願意恢複的除外。 |
| Article 52 Where a child of a person declared dead is legally adopted by another person during the period of his or her declared death, the person shall not claim nullity of the adoption on the ground that the adoption is without his or her approval after the declaration of death is revoked. | | 第五十二條 被宣告死亡的人在被宣告死亡期間，其子女被他人依法收養的，在死亡宣告被撤銷後，不得以未經本人同意為由主張收養行為無效。 |
| Article 53 Where the declaration of death of a person is revoked, the person shall have the right to reclaim his or her property which has devolved to other parties to civil legal relationships in accordance with Book Six of this Code. If any property cannot be reclaimed, the person shall be indemnified appropriately. | | 第五十三條 被撤銷死亡宣告的人有權請求依照本法第六編取得其財產的民事主體返還財產；無法返還的，應當給予適當補償。 |
| Where an interested party conceals facts, causing another person to be declared dead, and thus obtains any property of the person, the interested party shall, in addition to returning the property, assume compensatory liability for any loss so caused. | | 利害關系人隱瞞真實情況，致使他人被宣告死亡而取得其財產的，除應當返還財產外，還應當對由此造成的損失承擔賠償責任。 |
| Section 4 Individual Industrial and Commercial Households and Rural Usufructuary Households | | 第四節 個體工商戶和農村承包經營戶 |
| Article 54 A natural person engaged in industrial and commercial operations upon registration in accordance with the law is an individual industrial and commercial household. An individual industrial and commercial household may have a trade name. | | 第五十四條 自然人從事工商業經營，經依法登記，為個體工商戶。個體工商戶可以起字號。 |
| Article 55 A member of a rural collective economic organization who has obtained a usufruct on rural land in accordance with the law for agricultural operations as a household is a rural usufructuary household. | | 第五十五條 農村集體經濟組織的成員，依法取得農村土地承包經營權，從事家庭承包經營的，為農村承包經營戶。 |
| Article 56 Where an individual industrial and commercial household is operated by an individual, the debts of the individual industrial and commercial household shall be assumed by the individual with his or her own property; where it is operated by a family, the debts of the individual industrial and commercial household shall be assumed by the family with family property; or where it is impossible to ascertain whether it is operated by an individual or a family, the debts of the individual industrial and commercial household shall be assumed by the family with family property. | | 第五十六條 個體工商戶的債務，個人經營的，以個人財產承擔；家庭經營的，以家庭財產承擔；無法區分的，以家庭財產承擔。 |
| The debts of a rural usufructuary household shall be assumed with the property of the rural household operating on the rural land subject to the usufruct or be assumed with the property of certain family members actually operating on the rural land subject to the usufruct. | | 農村承包經營戶的債務，以從事農村土地承包經營的農戶財產承擔；事實上由農戶部分成員經營的，以該部分成員的財產承擔。 |
| Chapter III Legal Persons | | 第三章 法人 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Article 57 A legal person is an organization with capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct which independently enjoys civil rights and assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law. | | 第五十七條 法人是具有民事權利能力和民事行為能力，依法獨立享有民事權利和承擔民事義務的組織。 |
| Article 58 A legal person shall be formed in accordance with the law. | | 第五十八條 法人應當依法成立。 |
| A legal person shall have its own name, organs, domicile, and property or funding. The specific conditions and procedures for formation of a legal person shall be governed by laws and administrative regulations. | | 法人應當有自己的名稱、組織機構、住所、財產或者經費。法人成立的具體條件和程序，依照法律、行政法規的規定。 |
| Where the formation of a legal person is subject to the approval of the relevant authority in accordance with any law or administrative regulation, such a law or administrative regulation shall apply. | | 設立法人，法律、行政法規規定須經有關機關批准的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 59 A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct arise when the legal person is formed and cease to exist when the legal person is terminated. | | 第五十九條 法人的民事權利能力和民事行為能力，從法人成立時產生，到法人終止時消滅。 |
| Article 60 A legal person shall assume civil liabilities independently with all of its property. | | 第六十條 法人以其全部財產獨立承擔民事責任。 |
| Article 61 In accordance with the provisions of laws or the bylaws of a legal person, the person in charge who conducts civil activities on behalf of the legal person shall be the legal representative of the legal person. | | 第六十一條 依照法律或者法人章程的規定，代表法人從事民事活動的負責人，為法人的法定代表人。 |
| The legal consequences of civil activities conducted by the legal representative in the name of the legal person shall be assumed by the legal person. | | 法定代表人以法人名義從事的民事活動，其法律後果由法人承受。 |
| Any restriction on the legal representative's right of representation imposed by the bylaws or the supreme organ of the legal person shall not be set up against bona fide opposite parties. | | 法人章程或者法人權力機構對法定代表人代表權的限制，不得對抗善意相對人。 |
| Article 62 Where the legal representative of a legal person causes damage to any other person in the performance of duties, the legal person shall assume civil liability for such damage. | | 第六十二條 法定代表人因執行職務造成他人損害的，由法人承擔民事責任。 |
| The legal person may, after assuming such civil liability, claim reimbursement from the legal representative at fault in accordance with the laws or its bylaws. | | 法人承擔民事責任後，依照法律或者法人章程的規定，可以向有過錯的法定代表人追償。 |
| Article 63 A legal person's domicile shall be the place of its principal office. If a legal person needs to be registered in accordance with the law, it shall register the place of its principal office as its domicile. | | 第六十三條 法人以其主要辦事機構所在地為住所。依法需要辦理法人登記的，應當將主要辦事機構所在地登記為住所。 |
| Article 64 Where any registered information on a legal person changes during its existence, the legal person shall apply for modification registration to the registration authority in accordance with the law. | | 第六十四條 法人存續期間登記事項發生變化的，應當依法向登記機關申請變更登記。 |
| Article 65 The inconsistency between the actual circumstances of a legal person and the registered information on the legal person shall not be set up against bona fide opposite parties. | | 第六十五條 法人的實際情況與登記的事項不一致的，不得對抗善意相對人。 |
| Article 66 The registration authority shall, in accordance with the law, publish the relevant registration information on a legal person in a timely manner. | | 第六十六條 登記機關應當依法及時公示法人登記的有關信息。 |
| Article 67 In case of combination of a legal person, the surviving legal person shall enjoy the rights and assume the obligations of the legal person. | | 第六十七條 法人合並的，其權利和義務由合並後的法人享有和承擔。 |
| In case of division of a legal person, the surviving legal persons shall jointly and severally enjoy the rights and assume the obligations of the legal person, unless the creditor and the debtor have agreed otherwise. | | 法人分立的，其權利和義務由分立後的法人享有連帶債權，承擔連帶債務，但是債權人和債務人另有約定的除外。 |
| Article 68 A legal person is terminated upon completion of liquidation and deregistration in accordance with the law for any of the following reasons: | | 第六十八條 有下列原因之一並依法完成清算、注銷登記的，法人終止： |
| (1) The legal person is dissolved. | | （一）法人解散； |
| (2) The legal person is declared bankrupt. | | （二）法人被宣告破產； |
| (3) Any other reason specified by laws. | | （三）法律規定的其他原因。 |
| Where the termination of a legal person is subject to the approval of the relevant authority in accordance with any law or administrative regulation, such a law or administrative regulation shall apply. | | 法人終止，法律、行政法規規定須經有關機關批准的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 69 A legal person shall be dissolved under any of the following circumstances: | | 第六十九條 有下列情形之一的，法人解散： |
| (1) The duration stated in the legal person's bylaws expires, or any other cause of dissolution stated in the legal person's bylaws arises. | | （一）法人章程規定的存續期間屆滿或者法人章程規定的其他解散事由出現； |
| (2) The legal person's supreme organ makes a resolution for dissolution. | | （二）法人的權力機構決議解散； |
| (3) The legal person is dissolved as required by business combination or division. | | （三）因法人合並或者分立需要解散； |
| (4) The legal person's business license or registration certificate is revoked in accordance with the law, or the legal person is ordered to close down or is abolished. | | （四）法人依法被吊銷營業執照、登記證書，被責令關閉或者被撤銷； |
| (5) Any other circumstances specified by laws. | | （五）法律規定的其他情形。 |
| Article 70 Where a legal person is dissolved, except for business combination or division, the liquidation obligors shall form a liquidation group to conduct liquidation in a timely manner. | | 第七十條 法人解散的，除合並或者分立的情形外，清算義務人應當及時組成清算組進行清算。 |
| The members of a legal person's executive organ or decision-making organ, such as directors or council members, are liquidation obligors, except as otherwise provided for by any law or administrative regulation. | | 法人的董事、理事等執行機構或者決策機構的成員為清算義務人。法律、行政法規另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Where the liquidation obligors fail to fulfill their liquidation obligation in a timely manner, causing any damage, they shall assume civil liability; and the competent authority or an interested party may apply to a people's court for designating relevant persons to form a liquidation group to conduct liquidation. | | 清算義務人未及時履行清算義務，造成損害的，應當承擔民事責任；主管機關或者利害關系人可以申請人民法院指定有關人員組成清算組進行清算。 |
| Article 71 The liquidation procedures and the powers of the liquidation group of a legal person shall be governed by the provisions of relevant laws; and if there are no such provisions, the relevant provisions of the company's laws shall apply mutatis mutandis. | | 第七十一條 法人的清算程序和清算組職權，依照有關法律的規定；沒有規定的，參照適用公司法律的有關規定。 |
| Article 72 In the course of liquidation, a legal person continues to exist, but shall not conduct any activity irrelevant to liquidation. | | 第七十二條 清算期間法人存續，但是不得從事與清算無關的活動。 |
| The residual property after the legal person is liquidated shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the legal person's bylaws or the resolution of the legal person's supreme organ, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 法人清算後的剩余財產，按照法人章程的規定或者法人權力機構的決議處理。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| The legal person is terminated upon completion of liquidation and deregistration of the legal person; or if the law does not require the legal person to be registered, it is terminated upon completion of liquidation. | | 清算結束並完成法人注銷登記時，法人終止；依法不需要辦理法人登記的，清算結束時，法人終止。 |
| Article 73 Where a legal person is declared bankrupt, it is terminated upon completion of bankruptcy liquidation and deregistration of the legal person in accordance with the law. | | 第七十三條 法人被宣告破產的，依法進行破產清算並完成法人注銷登記時，法人終止。 |
| Article 74 A legal person may form branch offices in accordance with the law. If any law or administrative regulation requires the branch offices to be registered, such a law or administrative regulation shall apply. | | 第七十四條 法人可以依法設立分支機構。法律、行政法規規定分支機構應當登記的，依照其規定。 |
| Where a branch office conducts civil activities in its own name, any civil liability arising therefrom shall be assumed by the legal person; but such civil liability may be assumed first with the property managed by the branch office and then by the legal person for any deficit. | | 分支機構以自己的名義從事民事活動，產生的民事責任由法人承擔；也可以先以該分支機構管理的財產承擔，不足以承擔的，由法人承擔。 |
| Article 75 The legal consequences of civil activities conducted by a promoter or promoters for the formation of a legal person shall be assumed by the legal person; but if the legal person fails to be formed, shall be assumed by the promoter or promoters, and in latter case, the two or more promoters shall jointly and severally enjoy rights and assume debts. | | 第七十五條 設立人為設立法人從事的民事活動，其法律後果由法人承受；法人未成立的，其法律後果由設立人承受，設立人為二人以上的，享有連帶債權，承擔連帶債務。 |
| Where a promoter conducts civil activities in the name of the promoter for the formation of a legal person, a third party shall have the right to require the legal person or the promoter to assume civil liability arising therefrom. | | 設立人為設立法人以自己的名義從事民事活動產生的民事責任，第三人有權選擇請求法人或者設立人承擔。 |
| Section 2 For-Profit Legal Persons | | 第二節 營利法人 |
| Article 76 A legal person formed for the purpose of making profits and distributing profits to its shareholders or other investors is a for-profit legal person. | | 第七十六條 以取得利潤並分配給股東等出資人為目的成立的法人，為營利法人。 |
| For-profit legal persons include limited liability companies, joint stock limited companies, and other enterprise legal persons. | | 營利法人包括有限責任公司、股份有限公司和其他企業法人等。 |
| Article 77 A for-profit legal person is formed upon registration in accordance with the law. | | 第七十七條 營利法人經依法登記成立。 |
| Article 78 The registration authority shall issue a for-profit legal person business license to a for-profit legal person legally formed. The issue date of the business license shall be the date of formation of the for-profit legal person. | | 第七十八條 依法設立的營利法人，由登記機關發給營利法人營業執照。營業執照簽發日期為營利法人的成立日期。 |
| Article 79 For the formation of a for-profit legal person, the bylaws of the legal person shall be developed in accordance with the law. | | 第七十九條 設立營利法人應當依法制定法人章程。 |
| Article 80 A for-profit legal person shall have a supreme organ. | | 第八十條 營利法人應當設權力機構。 |
| The supreme organ exercises the powers of amending the bylaws of the legal person and electing or replacing members of the executive organ and supervisory organ and other powers stated in the bylaws of the legal person. | | 權力機構行使修改法人章程，選舉或者更換執行機構、監督機構成員，以及法人章程規定的其他職權。 |
| Article 81 A for-profit legal person shall have an executive organ. | | 第八十一條 營利法人應當設執行機構。 |
| The executive organ exercises the powers of convening the meetings of the supreme organ, deciding the legal person's business plans and investment proposals, and deciding the internal management structure of the legal person and other powers stated in the bylaws of the legal person. | | 執行機構行使召集權力機構會議，決定法人的經營計劃和投資方案，決定法人內部管理機構的設置，以及法人章程規定的其他職權。 |
| Where the executive organ is a board of directors or is an executive director, the chairman of the board of directors, the executive director, or a manager shall serve as the legal representative in accordance with the provisions of the bylaws of the legal person; or where the legal person has no board of directors or executive director, the primary person in charge stated in the bylaws of the legal person shall be the executive organ and legal representative of the legal person. | | 執行機構為董事會或者執行董事的，董事長、執行董事或者經理按照法人章程的規定擔任法定代表人；未設董事會或者執行董事的，法人章程規定的主要負責人為其執行機構和法定代表人。 |
| Article 82 Where a for-profit legal person has a supervisory organ such as the board of supervisors or a supervisor, the supervisory organ shall, in accordance with the law, exercise the powers of inspecting the legal person's financial affairs and overseeing the performance of duties by the members of the executive organ and the senior executives of the legal person and the powers stated in the bylaws of the legal person. | | 第八十二條 營利法人設監事會或者監事等監督機構的，監督機構依法行使檢查法人財務，監督執行機構成員、高級管理人員執行法人職務的行為，以及法人章程規定的其他職權。 |
| Article 83 An investor of a for-profit legal person shall not damage the interests of the legal person or any other investor by abusing the rights of an investor. If the investor abuses the rights of an investor, causing any loss to the legal person or any other investor, the investor shall assume civil liability in accordance with the law. | | 第八十三條 營利法人的出資人不得濫用出資人權利損害法人或者其他出資人的利益；濫用出資人權利造成法人或者其他出資人損失的，應當依法承擔民事責任。 |
| An investor of a for-profit legal person shall not damage the interests of a creditor of the legal person by abusing the independent status of the legal person and the limited liability of the investor. If the investor abuses the legal person's independent status or the investor's limited liability to evade debts, causing serious damage to the interests of a creditor of the legal person, the investor shall be jointly and severally liable for the legal person's debts. | | 營利法人的出資人不得濫用法人獨立地位和出資人有限責任損害法人債權人的利益；濫用法人獨立地位和出資人有限責任，逃避債務，嚴重損害法人債權人的利益的，應當對法人債務承擔連帶責任。 |
| Article 84 The controlling investor, actual controller, directors, supervisors, and senior executives of a for-profit legal person shall not damage the interests of the legal person through affiliations. One that causes damage to the legal person through affiliations shall assume compensatory liability. | | 第八十四條 營利法人的控股出資人、實際控制人、董事、監事、高級管理人員不得利用其關聯關系損害法人的利益；利用關聯關系造成法人損失的，應當承擔賠償責任。 |
| Article 85 Where a for-profit legal person's supreme organ or executive organ adopts a resolution under a convening procedure or in a voting mode that violates any law or administrative regulation or the bylaws of the legal person or any content of the resolution violates the bylaws of the legal person, an investor of the for-profit legal person may request a people's court to revoke the resolution, without prejudice to the civil legal relations formed between the for-profit legal person and bona fide opposite parties based on such a resolution. | | 第八十五條 營利法人的權力機構、執行機構作出決議的會議召集程序、表決方式違反法律、行政法規、法人章程，或者決議內容違反法人章程的，營利法人的出資人可以請求人民法院撤銷該決議。但是，營利法人依據該決議與善意相對人形成的民事法律關系不受影響。 |
| Article 86 In business activities, a for-profit legal person shall comply with business ethics, maintain the safety of transactions, receive government supervision and public scrutiny, and assume social responsibilities. | | 第八十六條 營利法人從事經營活動，應當遵守商業道德，維護交易安全，接受政府和社會的監督，承擔社會責任。 |
| Section 3 Non-profit Legal Persons | | 第三節 非營利法人 |
| Article 87 A non-profit legal person is a legal person formed for public welfare or any other non-profit purpose without distribution of profits to its investors, promoters, or members. | | 第八十七條 為公益目的或者其他非營利目的成立，不向出資人、設立人或者會員分配所取得利潤的法人，為非營利法人。 |
| Non-profit legal persons include but are not limited to public institutions, social groups, foundations, and social service organizations. | | 非營利法人包括事業單位、社會團體、基金會、社會服務機構等。 |
| Article 88 A public institution satisfying the conditions for a legal person and to be formed for meeting the needs of economic and social development and providing public welfare services obtains the status of a public institution legal person upon formation through registration in accordance with the law; or if the law does not require it to undergo legal person registration, obtains the status of a public institution legal person from the date of formation. | | 第八十八條 具備法人條件，為適應經濟社會發展需要，提供公益服務設立的事業單位，經依法登記成立，取得事業單位法人資格；依法不需要辦理法人登記的，從成立之日起，具有事業單位法人資格。 |
| Article 89 Where a public institution legal person has a council, the council shall be its decision-making organ, except as otherwise provided for by any law. The legal representative of a public institution legal person shall be determined in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, or its bylaws. | | 第八十九條 事業單位法人設理事會的，除法律另有規定外，理事會為其決策機構。事業單位法人的法定代表人依照法律、行政法規或者法人章程的規定產生。 |
| Article 90 A social group satisfying the conditions for a legal person and to be formed based on the common will of its members for public welfare, common interests of its members, or any other non-profit purpose obtains the status of a social group legal person upon formation through registration in accordance with the law; or if the law does not require it to undergo legal person registration, obtains the status of a social group legal person from the date of formation. | | 第九十條 具備法人條件，基于會員共同意願，為公益目的或者會員共同利益等非營利目的設立的社會團體，經依法登記成立，取得社會團體法人資格；依法不需要辦理法人登記的，從成立之日起，具有社會團體法人資格。 |
| Article 91 For the formation of a social group legal person, the bylaws of the legal person shall be developed in accordance with the law. | | 第九十一條 設立社會團體法人應當依法制定法人章程。 |
| A social group legal person shall have a supreme organ such as the congress of members or the congress of representatives of members. | | 社會團體法人應當設會員大會或者會員代表大會等權力機構。 |
| A social group legal person shall have an executive organ such as a council. The person in charge of the council, such as the chairman or president, shall serve as the legal representative in accordance with the bylaws of the legal person. | | 社會團體法人應當設理事會等執行機構。理事長或者會長等負責人按照法人章程的規定擔任法定代表人。 |
| Article 92 A foundation or a social service organization, among others, satisfying the conditions for a legal person and to be formed with donated property for public welfare purposes obtains the status of a donation-based legal person upon formation through registration in accordance with the law. | | 第九十二條 具備法人條件，為公益目的以捐助財產設立的基金會、社會服務機構等，經依法登記成立，取得捐助法人資格。 |
| A venue for holding religious activities formed in accordance with the law and satisfying the conditions for a legal person may apply for legal person registration and obtain the status of a donation-based legal person, subject to any provisions of laws and administrative regulations relating to the venues for holding religious activities. | | 依法設立的宗教活動場所，具備法人條件的，可以申請法人登記，取得捐助法人資格。法律、行政法規對宗教活動場所有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 93 For the formation of a donation-based legal person, the bylaws of the legal person shall be developed in accordance with the law. | | 第九十三條 設立捐助法人應當依法制定法人章程。 |
| The donation-based legal person shall have a decision-making organ, such as a council or a democratic governing body, and an executive organ. The person in charge of the decision-making organ such as the chairman shall serve as the legal representative in accordance with the bylaws of the legal person. | | 捐助法人應當設理事會、民主管理組織等決策機構，並設執行機構。理事長等負責人按照法人章程的規定擔任法定代表人。 |
| The donation-based legal person shall have a supervisory organ such as a board of supervisors. | | 捐助法人應當設監事會等監督機構。 |
| Article 94 Donors shall be entitled to ask the donation-based legal person about the use and management of donated property and give their opinions and recommendations, and the donation-based legal person shall give honest replies in a timely manner. | | 第九十四條 捐助人有權向捐助法人查詢捐助財產的使用、管理情況，並提出意見和建議，捐助法人應當及時、如實答複。 |
| Where a donation-based legal person's decision-making organ, executive organ, or legal representative makes a decision under a procedure that violates any law or administrative regulation or the bylaws of the legal person or the content of the decision violates the bylaws of the legal person, a donor or any other interested party or the competent authority may request the people's court to revoke the decision, without prejudice to the civil legal relationship formed between the donor-based legal person and bona fide opposite parties based on the decision. | | 捐助法人的決策機構、執行機構或者法定代表人作出決定的程序違反法律、行政法規、法人章程，或者決定內容違反法人章程的，捐助人等利害關系人或者主管機關可以請求人民法院撤銷該決定。但是，捐助法人依據該決定與善意相對人形成的民事法律關系不受影響。 |
| Article 95 When a non-profit legal person formed for public welfare purposes is terminated, it shall not distribute any residual property to its investors, promoters, or members. The residual property shall be used for public welfare purposes in accordance with the provisions of its bylaws or a resolution of its supreme organ; or if the residual property cannot be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of its bylaws or the resolution of its supreme organ, the competent authority shall cause the transfer of such residual property to other legal persons with the same or a similar vision, and announce it to the public. | | 第九十五條 為公益目的成立的非營利法人終止時，不得向出資人、設立人或者會員分配剩余財產。剩余財產應當按照法人章程的規定或者權力機構的決議用于公益目的；無法按照法人章程的規定或者權力機構的決議處理的，由主管機關主持轉給宗旨相同或者相近的法人，並向社會公告。 |
| Section 4 Special Legal Persons | | 第四節 特別法人 |
| Article 96 The state organ legal persons, rural collective economic organization legal persons, urban and rural cooperative economic organization legal persons, and basic self-governing mass organization legal persons as provided for in this section are special legal persons. | | 第九十六條 本節規定的機關法人、農村集體經濟組織法人、城鎮農村的合作經濟組織法人、基層群眾性自治組織法人，為特別法人。 |
| Article 97 An independently funded state organ or a statutory institution assuming administrative functions shall have the status of a state organ legal person from the date of formation of it, and may conduct civil activities necessary for performing its functions. | | 第九十七條 有獨立經費的機關和承擔行政職能的法定機構從成立之日起，具有機關法人資格，可以從事為履行職能所需要的民事活動。 |
| Article 98 Where a state organ legal person is abolished, the legal person is terminated, and its civil rights shall be enjoyed and its obligations shall be assumed by the state organ legal person as its successor; or if there is no such a successor, its rights shall be enjoyed and its obligations shall be assumed by the state organ legal person making the abolition decision. | | 第九十八條 機關法人被撤銷的，法人終止，其民事權利和義務由繼任的機關法人享有和承擔；沒有繼任的機關法人的，由作出撤銷決定的機關法人享有和承擔。 |
| Article 99 A rural collective economic organization shall obtain the status of a legal person in accordance with the law. | | 第九十九條 農村集體經濟組織依法取得法人資格。 |
| Where any laws and administrative regulations provide for rural collective economic organizations, such laws and administrative regulations shall apply. | | 法律、行政法規對農村集體經濟組織有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 100 An urban or rural cooperative economic organization shall obtain the status of a legal person in accordance with the law. | | 第一百條 城鎮農村的合作經濟組織依法取得法人資格。 |
| Where any laws and administrative regulations provide for urban or rural cooperative economic organizations, such laws and administrative regulations shall apply. | | 法律、行政法規對城鎮農村的合作經濟組織有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 101 An urban residents' committee or a villagers' committee has the status of a basic self-governing mass organization legal person, and may conduct civil activities necessary for performing its functions. | | 第一百零一條 居民委員會、村民委員會具有基層群眾性自治組織法人資格，可以從事為履行職能所需要的民事活動。 |
| Where no village collective economic organization is formed, a villagers' committee may instead perform the functions of a village collective economic organization in accordance with the law. | | 未設立村集體經濟組織的，村民委員會可以依法代行村集體經濟組織的職能。 |
| Chapter IV Unincorporated Organizations | | 第四章 非法人組織 |
| Article 102 An unincorporated organization is an organization without the status of a legal person but able to conduct civil activities in its own name in accordance with the law. | | 第一百零二條 非法人組織是不具有法人資格，但是能夠依法以自己的名義從事民事活動的組織。 |
| Unincorporated organizations include but are not limited to sole proprietorships, partnerships, and professional service organizations without the status of a legal person. | | 非法人組織包括個人獨資企業、合夥企業、不具有法人資格的專業服務機構等。 |
| Article 103 An unincorporated organization shall be registered as required by laws. | | 第一百零三條 非法人組織應當依照法律的規定登記。 |
| Where the formation of an unincorporated organization shall be subject to the approval of the relevant authority in accordance with any law or administrative regulation, such law or administrative regulation shall apply. | | 設立非法人組織，法律、行政法規規定須經有關機關批准的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 104 Where the property of an unincorporated organization is insufficient for paying its debts, its investors or promoters shall assume unlimited liability for such debts, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第一百零四條 非法人組織的財產不足以清償債務的，其出資人或者設立人承擔無限責任。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 105 An unincorporated organization may choose one or more persons to conduct civil activities on its behalf. | | 第一百零五條 非法人組織可以確定一人或者數人代表該組織從事民事活動。 |
| Article 106 An unincorporated organization shall be dissolved under any of the following circumstances: | | 第一百零六條 有下列情形之一的，非法人組織解散： |
| (1) The duration stated in the bylaws expires, or any other cause of dissolution stated in the bylaws arises. | | （一）章程規定的存續期間屆滿或者章程規定的其他解散事由出現； |
| (2) Its investors or promoters decide to dissolve it. | | （二）出資人或者設立人決定解散； |
| (3) Any other circumstances specified by laws. | | （三）法律規定的其他情形。 |
| Article 107 Where an unincorporated organization is dissolved, its liquidation shall be conducted in accordance with the law. | | 第一百零七條 非法人組織解散的，應當依法進行清算。 |
| Article 108 In addition to the provisions of this Chapter, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of Chapter III of this Book shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to unincorporated organizations. | | 第一百零八條 非法人組織除適用本章規定外，參照適用本編第三章第一節的有關規定。 |
| Chapter V Civil Rights | | 第五章 民事權利 |
| Article 109 The personal freedom and human dignity of a natural person shall be protected by law. | | 第一百零九條 自然人的人身自由、人格尊嚴受法律保護。 |
| Article 110 A natural person enjoys the rights of life, inviolability and integrity of person, health, name, likeness, reputation, honor, privacy, and marital autonomy, among others. | | 第一百一十條 自然人享有生命權、身體權、健康權、姓名權、肖像權、名譽權、榮譽權、隱私權、婚姻自主權等權利。 |
| A legal person or an unincorporated organization enjoys the rights of name, reputation, and honor. | | 法人、非法人組織享有名稱權、名譽權和榮譽權。 |
| Article 111 The personal information of a natural person shall be protected by law. Any organization or individual needing to obtain the personal information of other persons shall legally obtain and ensure the security of such information, and shall not illegally collect, use, process, or transmit the personal information of other persons, nor illegally buy, sell, provide, or publish the personal information of other persons. | | 第一百一十一條 自然人的個人信息受法律保護。任何組織或者個人需要獲取他人個人信息的，應當依法取得並確保信息安全，不得非法收集、使用、加工、傳輸他人個人信息，不得非法買賣、提供或者公開他人個人信息。 |
| Article 112 The personal rights of a natural person arising from marriage or family relations, among others, shall be protected by law. | | 第一百一十二條 自然人因婚姻家庭關系等產生的人身權利受法律保護。 |
| Article 113 The property rights of the parties to civil legal relations shall be equally protected by law. | | 第一百一十三條 民事主體的財產權利受法律平等保護。 |
| Article 114 The parties to civil legal relations enjoy real rights in accordance with the law. | | 第一百一十四條 民事主體依法享有物權。 |
| A real right is the right holder's exclusive right to directly dominate a specific thing in accordance with the law, including ownership, usufruct, and security interest. | | 物權是權利人依法對特定的物享有直接支配和排他的權利，包括所有權、用益物權和擔保物權。 |
| Article 115 Things include immovables and movables. If rights are the objects of any real rights in accordance with any laws, such laws shall apply. | | 第一百一十五條 物包括不動產和動產。法律規定權利作為物權客體的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 116 The types and contents of real rights shall be prescribed by laws. | | 第一百一十六條 物權的種類和內容，由法律規定。 |
| Article 117 Fair and reasonable indemnification shall be made if any immovable or movable is expropriated or requisitioned for public interest according to the authority and procedures prescribed by laws. | | 第一百一十七條 為了公共利益的需要，依照法律規定的權限和程序征收、征用不動產或者動產的，應當給予公平、合理的補償。 |
| Article 118 The parties to civil legal relations enjoy a creditor's rights in accordance with the law. | | 第一百一十八條 民事主體依法享有債權。 |
| A creditor's right is the right holder's right to request that a specific obligor perform or not perform certain conduct, arising from contracts, torts, management of the business of another under no obligation, unjust enrichment, and other provisions of laws. | | 債權是因合同、侵權行為、無因管理、不當得利以及法律的其他規定，權利人請求特定義務人為或者不為一定行為的權利。 |
| Article 119 A contract entered into in accordance with the law shall be legally binding upon the parties to the contract. | | 第一百一十九條 依法成立的合同，對當事人具有法律約束力。 |
| Article 120 In case of infringement upon civil rights and interests, the victim shall have the right to request that the tortfeasor assume tort liability. | | 第一百二十條 民事權益受到侵害的，被侵權人有權請求侵權人承擔侵權責任。 |
| Article 121 A person who, under no statutory or contractual obligation, manages the business of another to prevent damage to the interest of another shall have the right to request that the beneficiary of such management reimburse the manager for necessary expenses incurred. | | 第一百二十一條 沒有法定的或者約定的義務，為避免他人利益受損失而進行管理的人，有權請求受益人償還由此支出的必要費用。 |
| Article 122 Where a person is unjustly enriched without any legal basis, the person who so suffers a loss shall have the right to request that the person unjustly enriched return the amount to the extent of the unjust enrichment. | | 第一百二十二條 因他人沒有法律根據，取得不當利益，受損失的人有權請求其返還不當利益。 |
| Article 123 The parties to civil legal relations enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with the law. | | 第一百二十三條 民事主體依法享有知識產權。 |
| Intellectual property rights are the proprietary rights enjoyed by right holders in accordance with the law in respect of the following objects: | | 知識產權是權利人依法就下列客體享有的專有的權利： |
| (1) Works. | | （一）作品； |
| (2) Inventions, utility models, and designs. | | （二）發明、實用新型、外觀設計； |
| (3) Trademarks. | | （三）商標； |
| (4) Geographic indications. | | （四）地理標志； |
| (5) Trade secrets. | | （五）商業秘密； |
| (6) Layout designs of integrated circuits. | | （六）集成電路布圖設計； |
| (7) New varieties of plants. | | （七）植物新品種； |
| (8) Other objects specified by laws. | | （八）法律規定的其他客體。 |
| Article 124 Natural persons enjoy the right of succession in accordance with the law. | | 第一百二十四條 自然人依法享有繼承權。 |
| The lawful private property of natural persons may be inherited in accordance with the law. | | 自然人合法的私有財產，可以依法繼承。 |
| Article 125 The parties to civil legal relations enjoy stock rights and other investment rights in accordance with the law. | | 第一百二十五條 民事主體依法享有股權和其他投資性權利。 |
| Article 126 The parties to civil legal relations enjoy other civil rights and interests prescribed by laws. | | 第一百二十六條 民事主體享有法律規定的其他民事權利和利益。 |
| Article 127 Where any laws provide for the protection of data and network virtual property, such laws shall apply. | | 第一百二十七條 法律對數據、網絡虛擬財產的保護有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 128 Where any laws have special provisions on the protection of civil rights of the minors, the elderly, the disabled, women, and consumers, among others, such special provisions shall apply. | | 第一百二十八條 法律對未成年人、老年人、殘疾人、婦女、消費者等的民事權利保護有特別規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 129 Civil rights may be obtained by juridical acts, factual behaviors, events prescribed by laws, or other means prescribed by laws. | | 第一百二十九條 民事權利可以依據民事法律行為、事實行為、法律規定的事件或者法律規定的其他方式取得。 |
| Article 130 The parties to civil legal relations shall, based on their free will, exercise civil rights in accordance with the law without any interference. | | 第一百三十條 民事主體按照自己的意願依法行使民事權利，不受幹涉。 |
| Article 131 The parties to civil legal relations shall perform the obligations imposed by laws and obligations agreed upon by the parties while exercising their rights. | | 第一百三十一條 民事主體行使權利時，應當履行法律規定的和當事人約定的義務。 |
| Article 132 The parties to civil legal relations shall not abuse civil rights to damage the national interest, public interest, or the lawful rights and interests of any other person. | | 第一百三十二條 民事主體不得濫用民事權利損害國家利益、社會公共利益或者他人合法權益。 |
| Chapter VI Juridical Acts | | 第六章 民事法律行為 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Article 133 Juridical acts are acts of the parties to civil legal relations to create, modify, or terminate civil legal relationships through a declaration of will. | | 第一百三十三條 民事法律行為是民事主體通過意思表示設立、變更、終止民事法律關系的行為。 |
| Article 134 Juridical acts may be formed based on the unanimous declaration of will by two or more parties or based on the declaration of will by a single party. | | 第一百三十四條 民事法律行為可以基于雙方或者多方的意思表示一致成立，也可以基于單方的意思表示成立。 |
| Where a legal person or an unincorporated organization makes a resolution according to the mode of deliberation and voting procedures prescribed by laws or its bylaws, the act of resolution is formed. | | 法人、非法人組織依照法律或者章程規定的議事方式和表決程序作出決議的，該決議行為成立。 |
| Article 135 Juridical acts may be made in written, verbal, or other forms; but if any law or administrative regulation requires or the parties agree upon a particular form, such a particular form shall be adopted. | | 第一百三十五條 民事法律行為可以采用書面形式、口頭形式或者其他形式；法律、行政法規規定或者當事人約定采用特定形式的，應當采用特定形式。 |
| Article 136 A juridical act shall become valid upon its formation, except as otherwise provided for by any law or agreed upon by the parties. | | 第一百三十六條 民事法律行為自成立時生效，但是法律另有規定或者當事人另有約定的除外。 |
| The actor shall not modify or rescind the juridical act at will, except in accordance with any law or as permitted by the other party. | | 行為人非依法律規定或者未經對方同意，不得擅自變更或者解除民事法律行為。 |
| Section 2 Declaration of Will | | 第二節 意思表示 |
| Article 137 A declaration of will made by dialog shall become valid at the time when the opposite party knows the content of will. | | 第一百三十七條 以對話方式作出的意思表示，相對人知道其內容時生效。 |
| A declaration of will not made by dialog shall become valid at the time when it reaches the opposite party. If a declaration of will not made by dialog is in the form of data message, and the opposite party has designated a specific system to receive the data message, the declaration of will shall become valid at the time when the data message enters the specific system designated; or in the absence of such designation, the declaration of will shall become valid at the time when the opposite party knows or should have known that the data message has entered its system. If the parties have otherwise agreed upon the time when a declaration of will made in the form of data message becomes valid, such an agreement shall apply. | | 以非對話方式作出的意思表示，到達相對人時生效。以非對話方式作出的采用數據電文形式的意思表示，相對人指定特定系統接收數據電文的，該數據電文進入該特定系統時生效；未指定特定系統的，相對人知道或者應當知道該數據電文進入其系統時生效。當事人對采用數據電文形式的意思表示的生效時間另有約定的，按照其約定。 |
| Article 138 A declaration of will made without any opposite party shall become valid upon completion of declaration, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第一百三十八條 無相對人的意思表示，表示完成時生效。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 139 A declaration of will made in the form of publishing an announcement shall become valid at the time when the announcement is published. | | 第一百三十九條 以公告方式作出的意思表示，公告發布時生效。 |
| Article 140 An actor may expressly or tacitly declare his or her will. | | 第一百四十條 行為人可以明示或者默示作出意思表示。 |
| Will may be deemed tacitly declared only when it is in accordance with any law, is agreed upon by the parties, or conforms to the trading practices between the parties. | | 沉默只有在有法律規定、當事人約定或者符合當事人之間的交易習慣時，才可以視為意思表示。 |
| Article 141 An actor may withdraw his or her declaration of will. The notice of withdrawing his or her declaration of will shall reach the opposite party before his or her declaration of will reaches the opposite party or at the same time when his or her declaration of will reaches the opposite party. | | 第一百四十一條 行為人可以撤回意思表示。撤回意思表示的通知應當在意思表示到達相對人前或者與意思表示同時到達相對人。 |
| Article 142 The meaning of a declaration of will made to an opposite party shall be interpreted according to the words used as well as considering the relevant clauses, nature and purpose of the act, customs, and the principle of good faith. | | 第一百四十二條 有相對人的意思表示的解釋，應當按照所使用的詞句，結合相關條款、行為的性質和目的、習慣以及誠信原則，確定意思表示的含義。 |
| In the interpretation of a declaration of will made without an opposite party, the true will of the actor shall be determined by considering the relevant clauses, nature and purpose of the act, customs, and the principle of good faith, rather than a total confinement to the words used. | | 無相對人的意思表示的解釋，不能完全拘泥于所使用的詞句，而應當結合相關條款、行為的性質和目的、習慣以及誠信原則，確定行為人的真實意思。 |
| Section 3 Validity of Juridical Acts | | 第三節 民事法律行為的效力 |
| Article 143 A juridical act satisfying all of the following conditions shall be valid: | | 第一百四十三條 具備下列條件的民事法律行為有效： |
| (1) The actor has corresponding capacity for civil conduct. | | （一）行為人具有相應的民事行為能力； |
| (2) The will expressed is true. | | （二）意思表示真實； |
| (3) It neither violates the imperative provisions of laws and administrative regulations, nor is contrary to public order and good morals. | | （三）不違反法律、行政法規的強制性規定，不違背公序良俗。 |
| Article 144 A juridical act performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct shall be void. | | 第一百四十四條 無民事行為能力人實施的民事法律行為無效。 |
| Article 145 A juridical act performed by a person with limited capacity for civil conduct shall be valid if the act purely benefits the person or is commensurate with his or her age, intelligence, and mental health; and any other juridical acts performed by the person may become valid after they are consented to or ratified by his or her statutory agent. | | 第一百四十五條 限制民事行為能力人實施的純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其年齡、智力、精神健康狀況相適應的民事法律行為有效；實施的其他民事法律行為經法定代理人同意或者追認後有效。 |
| The opposite party may, by a notice, demand the statutory agent to ratify within 30 days of receipt of the notice. If the statutory agent fails to respond, ratification shall be deemed denied. Before the ratification of a juridical act, a bona fide opposite party shall be entitled to revoke the act. The revocation shall be made by a notice. | | 相對人可以催告法定代理人自收到通知之日起三十日內予以追認。法定代理人未作表示的，視為拒絕追認。民事法律行為被追認前，善意相對人有撤銷的權利。撤銷應當以通知的方式作出。 |
| Article 146 A juridical act performed by an actor and the opposite party based on false declaration of will shall be void. | | 第一百四十六條 行為人與相對人以虛假的意思表示實施的民事法律行為無效。 |
| The validity of a juridical act hidden behind a false declaration of will shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant provisions of laws. | | 以虛假的意思表示隱藏的民事法律行為的效力，依照有關法律規定處理。 |
| Article 147 The actor shall be entitled to request a people's court or an arbitral institution to revoke a juridical act performed based on a material mistake. | | 第一百四十七條 基于重大誤解實施的民事法律行為，行為人有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。 |
| Article 148 Where a juridical act is performed by a party against his or her true will as a result of fraud by the other party, the defrauded party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitral institution to revoke the act. | | 第一百四十八條 一方以欺詐手段，使對方在違背真實意思的情況下實施的民事法律行為，受欺詐方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。 |
| Article 149 Where a juridical act is performed by a party against his or her true will as a result of fraud by a third party, the defrauded party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitral institution to revoke the act if the other party knows or should have known the fraud. | | 第一百四十九條 第三人實施欺詐行為，使一方在違背真實意思的情況下實施的民事法律行為，對方知道或者應當知道該欺詐行為的，受欺詐方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。 |
| Article 150 Where a juridical act is performed by a party against his or her true will as a result of coercion by the other party or a third party, the coerced party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitral institution to revoke the act. | | 第一百五十條 一方或者第三人以脅迫手段，使對方在違背真實意思的情況下實施的民事法律行為，受脅迫方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。 |
| Article 151 Where a juridical act is evidently unfair when it is formed as a result of one party taking advantage of the other party's distress or lack of judgment, among others, the aggrieved party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitral institution to revoke the act. | | 第一百五十一條 一方利用對方處于危困狀態、缺乏判斷能力等情形，致使民事法律行為成立時顯失公平的，受損害方有權請求人民法院或者仲裁機構予以撤銷。 |
| Article 152 Under any of the following circumstances, the right of revocation shall be extinguished: | | 第一百五十二條 有下列情形之一的，撤銷權消滅： |
| (1) A party fails to exercise its right of revocation within one year from the day when the party knows or should have known the cause of revocation, or a party with a material mistake fails to exercise its right of revocation within 90 days from the day when the party knows or should have known the cause of revocation. | | （一）當事人自知道或者應當知道撤銷事由之日起一年內、重大誤解的當事人自知道或者應當知道撤銷事由之日起九十日內沒有行使撤銷權； |
| (2) A coerced party fails to exercise its right of revocation within one year from the day when coercion terminates. | | （二）當事人受脅迫，自脅迫行為終止之日起一年內沒有行使撤銷權； |
| (3) A party renounces its right of revocation, expressly or by its conduct, after knowing the cause of revocation. | | （三）當事人知道撤銷事由後明確表示或者以自己的行為表明放棄撤銷權。 |
| Where a party fails to exercise its right of revocation within five years from the day when the juridical act occurs, the right of revocation shall be extinguished. | | 當事人自民事法律行為發生之日起五年內沒有行使撤銷權的，撤銷權消滅。 |
| Article 153 A juridical act violating the imperative provisions of any law or administrative regulation shall be void, unless the imperative provisions do not result in the nullity of the juridical act. | | 第一百五十三條 違反法律、行政法規的強制性規定的民事法律行為無效。但是，該強制性規定不導致該民事法律行為無效的除外。 |
| A juridical act contrary to public order and good morals shall be void. | | 違背公序良俗的民事法律行為無效。 |
| Article 154 A juridical act by which an actor maliciously colludes with the opposite party to damage any other person's lawful rights and interests shall be void. | | 第一百五十四條 行為人與相對人惡意串通，損害他人合法權益的民事法律行為無效。 |
| Article 155 A void or revoked juridical act is not legally binding from the outset. | | 第一百五十五條 無效的或者被撤銷的民事法律行為自始沒有法律約束力。 |
| Article 156 Where the partial invalidity of a juridical act does not affect the validity of the other part, the other part shall remain valid. | | 第一百五十六條 民事法律行為部分無效，不影響其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。 |
| Article 157 After a juridical act is void, revoked, or determined as having no binding force, the property obtained by the actor as a result of the act shall be restituted; if restitution is impossible or unnecessary, indemnification shall be made at an estimated price. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for any loss suffered as a result of the act; or if both parties are at fault, they shall assume corresponding liabilities respectively, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第一百五十七條 民事法律行為無效、被撤銷或者確定不發生效力後，行為人因該行為取得的財產，應當予以返還；不能返還或者沒有必要返還的，應當折價補償。有過錯的一方應當賠償對方由此所受到的損失；各方都有過錯的，應當各自承擔相應的責任。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Section 4 Juridical Acts Subject to Conditions or Terms | | 第四節 民事法律行為的附條件和附期限 |
| Article 158 A juridical act may be subject to a condition, unless such a condition is not allowed according to the nature of the juridical act. A juridical act subject to a condition for becoming valid shall become valid when the condition is fulfilled. A juridical act subject to a condition for rescission shall cease to be valid when the condition is fulfilled. | | 第一百五十八條 民事法律行為可以附條件，但是根據其性質不得附條件的除外。附生效條件的民事法律行為，自條件成就時生效。附解除條件的民事法律行為，自條件成就時失效。 |
| Article 159 For a juridical act subject to a condition, if a party prevents the fulfillment of the condition by improper means for its own benefits, the condition shall be deemed fulfilled; or if a party hastens the fulfillment of a condition by improper means, the condition shall not be deemed fulfilled. | | 第一百五十九條 附條件的民事法律行為，當事人為自己的利益不正當地阻止條件成就的，視為條件已經成就；不正當地促成條件成就的，視為條件不成就。 |
| Article 160 A juridical act may be subject to a term, unless such a term is not allowed according to the nature of the juridical act. A juridical act subject to a term for becoming valid shall become valid upon expiration of the term. A juridical act subject to a term for termination shall become invalid upon expiration of the term. | | 第一百六十條 民事法律行為可以附期限，但是根據其性質不得附期限的除外。附生效期限的民事法律行為，自期限屆至時生效。附終止期限的民事法律行為，自期限屆滿時失效。 |
| Chapter VII Agency | | 第七章 代理 |
| Section 1 General Rules | | 第一節 一般規定 |
| Article 161 The parties to civil legal relations may conduct juridical acts through agents. | | 第一百六十一條 民事主體可以通過代理人實施民事法律行為。 |
| A juridical act that shall be performed in person in accordance with the provisions of laws, an agreement between the parties, or the nature of the juridical act shall not be performed by an agent. | | 依照法律規定、當事人約定或者民事法律行為的性質，應當由本人親自實施的民事法律行為，不得代理。 |
| Article 162 A juridical act performed by an agent in the name of the principal within the power conferred on the agent shall be binding on the principal. | | 第一百六十二條 代理人在代理權限內，以被代理人名義實施的民事法律行為，對被代理人發生效力。 |
| Article 163 Agency includes agency by mandate and statutory agency. | | 第一百六十三條 代理包括委托代理和法定代理。 |
| An agent under a mandate shall exercise the power conferred by the principal. A statutory agent shall exercise the power conferred by laws. | | 委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理權。法定代理人依照法律的規定行使代理權。 |
| Article 164 Where an agent fails to perform or fully perform its duties, causing damage to the principal, the agent shall assume civil liability. | | 第一百六十四條 代理人不履行或者不完全履行職責，造成被代理人損害的，應當承擔民事責任。 |
| Where an agent and the opposite party in malicious collusion damages the principal's lawful rights and interests, the agent and the opposite party shall be jointly and severally liable. | | 代理人和相對人惡意串通，損害被代理人合法權益的，代理人和相對人應當承擔連帶責任。 |
| Section 2 Agency by Mandate | | 第二節 委托代理 |
| Article 165 Where the power is conferred by a mandate in a written form, the power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name and the object of, power conferred by, and term of the mandate, to which the signature or seal of the principal shall be affixed. | | 第一百六十五條 委托代理授權采用書面形式的，授權委托書應當載明代理人的姓名或者名稱、代理事項、權限和期限，並由被代理人簽名或者蓋章。 |
| Article 166 Where the object of a mandate is to be performed by several agents, they shall jointly exercise the power conferred, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties. | | 第一百六十六條 數人為同一代理事項的代理人的，應當共同行使代理權，但是當事人另有約定的除外。 |
| Article 167 Where an agent knows or should have known that the object of the mandate is illegal but still performs it, or the principal knows or should have known that an agent's performance is illegal but fails to raise any objection, the principal and the agent shall be jointly and severally liable. | | 第一百六十七條 代理人知道或者應當知道代理事項違法仍然實施代理行為，或者被代理人知道或者應當知道代理人的代理行為違法未作反對表示的，被代理人和代理人應當承擔連帶責任。 |
| Article 168 An agent shall not perform any juridical act with itself in the name of the principal, unless it is consented to or ratified by the principal. | | 第一百六十八條 代理人不得以被代理人的名義與自己實施民事法律行為，但是被代理人同意或者追認的除外。 |
| An agent shall not perform any juridical act in the name of one principal with any other principal represented by it at the same time, unless it is consented to or ratified by both principals. | | 代理人不得以被代理人的名義與自己同時代理的其他人實施民事法律行為，但是被代理的雙方同意或者追認的除外。 |
| Article 169 Where an agent needs to appoint a third party to perform the object of the mandate in its place, the agent shall obtain the consent or ratification of the principal. | | 第一百六十九條 代理人需要轉委托第三人代理的，應當取得被代理人的同意或者追認。 |
| With the principal's consent to or ratification of the appointment, the principal may directly instruct the third party appointed by the agent regarding the object of the mandate, and the agent shall only be liable for the selection of the third party and its instructions to the third party. | | 轉委托代理經被代理人同意或者追認的，被代理人可以就代理事務直接指示轉委托的第三人，代理人僅就第三人的選任以及對第三人的指示承擔責任。 |
| Without the principal's consent to or ratification of the appointment, the agent shall be liable for the acts of the third party appointed by the agent, unless it is necessary for the agent to appoint the third party in case of emergency to safeguard the interests of the principal. | | 轉委托代理未經被代理人同意或者追認的，代理人應當對轉委托的第三人的行為承擔責任；但是，在緊急情況下代理人為了維護被代理人的利益需要轉委托第三人代理的除外。 |
| Article 170 Where a person who performs tasks for a legal person or an unincorporated organization conducts juridical acts related to matters within his or her scope of powers in the name of the legal person or the unincorporated organization, such acts shall have binding force on the legal person or unincorporated organization. | | 第一百七十條 執行法人或者非法人組織工作任務的人員，就其職權範圍內的事項，以法人或者非法人組織的名義實施的民事法律行為，對法人或者非法人組織發生效力。 |
| Any restrictions imposed by a legal person or an unincorporated organization on the scope of powers of the person performing tasks for the legal person or unincorporated organization shall not be set up against bona fide opposite parties. | | 法人或者非法人組織對執行其工作任務的人員職權範圍的限制，不得對抗善意相對人。 |
| Article 171 Where an actor still performs an act of agency without a power of attorney, beyond his or her power of attorney, or after his or her power of attorney terminates, the act shall not be binding on the principal without the principal's ratification. | | 第一百七十一條 行為人沒有代理權、超越代理權或者代理權終止後，仍然實施代理行為，未經被代理人追認的，對被代理人不發生效力。 |
| The opposite party may, by a notice, urge the principal to ratify within 30 days from the date of receipt of the notice. If the principal fails to respond, ratification shall be deemed denied. Before the ratification of the act, the bona fide opposite party shall be entitled to revoke the act. The revocation shall be made by a notice. | | 相對人可以催告被代理人自收到通知之日起三十日內予以追認。被代理人未作表示的，視為拒絕追認。行為人實施的行為被追認前，善意相對人有撤銷的權利。撤銷應當以通知的方式作出。 |
| Where ratification of the act is denied, the bona fide opposite party shall be entitled to request that the actor perform obligations or compensate it for any injury suffered by it, but such compensation shall not exceed the interest that could have been obtained by the opposite party if the act were ratified by the principal. | | 行為人實施的行為未被追認的，善意相對人有權請求行為人履行債務或者就其受到的損害請求行為人賠償。但是，賠償的範圍不得超過被代理人追認時相對人所能獲得的利益。 |
| Where the opposite party knows or should have known that the actor has no power of attorney, the opposite party and the actor shall assume liability according to their respective faults. | | 相對人知道或者應當知道行為人無權代理的，相對人和行為人按照各自的過錯承擔責任。 |
| Article 172 Where an actor still performs an act of agency without a power of agency, beyond his or her power of attorney, or after his or her power of attorney terminates, the act shall be valid if the opposite party has reason to believe that the actor has the power of attorney. | | 第一百七十二條 行為人沒有代理權、超越代理權或者代理權終止後，仍然實施代理行為，相對人有理由相信行為人有代理權的，代理行為有效。 |
| Section 3 Termination of Agency | | 第三節 代理終止 |
| Article 173 Agency by mandate shall terminate under any of the following circumstances: | | 第一百七十三條 有下列情形之一的，委托代理終止： |
| (1) The term of agency expires or the object of the mandate is fulfilled. | | （一）代理期限屆滿或者代理事務完成； |
| (2) The principal cancels the mandate or the agent surrenders the mandate. | | （二）被代理人取消委托或者代理人辭去委托； |
| (3) The agent loses capacity for civil conduct. | | （三）代理人喪失民事行為能力； |
| (4) The agent or the principal dies. | | （四）代理人或者被代理人死亡； |
| (5) The legal person or unincorporated organization as the agent or the principal is terminated. | | （五）作為代理人或者被代理人的法人、非法人組織終止。 |
| Article 174 After the principal dies, the acts of agency performed by an agent under a mandate shall be valid under any of the following circumstances: | | 第一百七十四條 被代理人死亡後，有下列情形之一的，委托代理人實施的代理行為有效： |
| (1) The agent does not know and should not have known that the principal died. | | （一）代理人不知道且不應當知道被代理人死亡； |
| (2) The successors of the principal recognize such acts. | | （二）被代理人的繼承人予以承認； |
| (3) The power of attorney expressly states that the power of agency shall terminate upon fulfillment of the object of the mandate. | | （三）授權中明確代理權在代理事務完成時終止； |
| (4) Such acts have been conducted before the principal dies and continue for the benefits of the principal's successors. | | （四）被代理人死亡前已經實施，為了被代理人的繼承人的利益繼續代理。 |
| The provision of the preceding paragraph shall apply, mutatis mutandis, where a legal person or an unincorporated organization as the principal is terminated. | | 作為被代理人的法人、非法人組織終止的，參照適用前款規定。 |
| Article 175 Statutory agency shall terminate under any of the following circumstances: | | 第一百七十五條 有下列情形之一的，法定代理終止： |
| (1) The principal obtains or regains full capacity for civil conduct. | | （一）被代理人取得或者恢複完全民事行為能力； |
| (2) The agent loses capacity for civil conduct. | | （二）代理人喪失民事行為能力； |
| (3) The agent or the principal dies. | | （三）代理人或者被代理人死亡； |
| (4) Any other circumstance specified by laws. | | （四）法律規定的其他情形。 |
| Chapter VIII Civil Liability | | 第八章 民事責任 |
| Article 176 The parties to civil legal relations shall perform their civil obligations and assume civil liabilities in accordance with the provisions of laws or the agreements of the parties. | | 第一百七十六條 民事主體依照法律規定或者按照當事人約定，履行民事義務，承擔民事責任。 |
| Article 177 Where two or more persons share liability in accordance with the law, they shall assume corresponding liability respectively if their respective liabilities can be determined; or evenly assume liability if it is difficult to determine their respective liabilities. | | 第一百七十七條 二人以上依法承擔按份責任，能夠確定責任大小的，各自承擔相應的責任；難以確定責任大小的，平均承擔責任。 |
| Article 178 Where two or more persons are jointly and severally liable in accordance with the law, the obligee is entitled to request assumption of liability by part or all of the persons jointly and severally liable. | | 第一百七十八條 二人以上依法承擔連帶責任的，權利人有權請求部分或者全部連帶責任人承擔責任。 |
| The shares of liability of persons jointly and severally liable shall be determined based on the gravity of liability of each person; or the liability shall be evenly shared if it is difficult to determine the gravity of liability of each person. If the liability actually assumed by a person jointly and severally liable exceeds the person's share of liability, the person shall be entitled to claim indemnities from other persons jointly and severally liable. | | 連帶責任人的責任份額根據各自責任大小確定；難以確定責任大小的，平均承擔責任。實際承擔責任超過自己責任份額的連帶責任人，有權向其他連帶責任人追償。 |
| The joint and several liability shall be governed by the provisions of laws or the agreements of the parties. | | 連帶責任，由法律規定或者當事人約定。 |
| Article 179 Civil liability shall be assumed primarily in the following manners: | | 第一百七十九條 承擔民事責任的方式主要有： |
| (1) Cessation of infringement. | | （一）停止侵害； |
| (2) Removal of obstacles. | | （二）排除妨礙； |
| (3) Elimination of danger. | | （三）消除危險； |
| (4) Restitution of property. | | （四）返還財產； |
| (5) Restoration to the original condition. | | （五）恢複原狀； |
| (6) Repair, reworking, or replacement. | | （六）修理、重作、更換； |
| (7) Continued performance. | | （七）繼續履行； |
| (8) Compensation for loss. | | （八）賠償損失； |
| (9) Payment of liquidated damages. | | （九）支付違約金； |
| (10) Elimination of adverse effects and rehabilitation of reputation. | | （十）消除影響、恢複名譽； |
| (11) Making an apology. | | （十一）賠禮道歉。 |
| Where any law provides for punitive damages, such a law shall apply. | | 法律規定懲罰性賠償的，依照其規定。 |
| The manners of assuming civil liability as set forth in this article may be applied alone or by a combination. | | 本條規定的承擔民事責任的方式，可以單獨適用，也可以合並適用。 |
| Article 180 Where the non-performance of civil obligations is caused by a force majeure, no civil liability shall arise therefrom, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第一百八十條 因不可抗力不能履行民事義務的，不承擔民事責任。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| A force majeure means any objective circumstance that is unforeseeable, inevitable, and insurmountable. | | 不可抗力是不能預見、不能避免且不能克服的客觀情況。 |
| Article 181 Where any harm is caused by perfect defense, no civil liability shall arise therefrom. | | 第一百八十一條 因正當防衛造成損害的，不承擔民事責任。 |
| Where the defense exceeds the limit of necessity for perfect defense and causes undue harm, the person acting in imperfect defense shall assume appropriate civil liability. | | 正當防衛超過必要的限度，造成不應有的損害的，正當防衛人應當承擔適當的民事責任。 |
| Article 182 Where any damage is caused by necessity to avoid a danger in emergency, the person causing the danger shall assume civil liability. | | 第一百八十二條 因緊急避險造成損害的，由引起險情發生的人承擔民事責任。 |
| Where the danger arises from any natural cause, the person acting to avoid the danger shall not assume civil liability, but may make appropriate indemnification. | | 危險由自然原因引起的，緊急避險人不承擔民事責任，可以給予適當補償。 |
| Where the act of avoiding a danger in emergency is inappropriate or exceeds the limit of necessity and causes undue harm, the person acting to avoid the danger shall assume appropriate civil liability. | | 緊急避險采取措施不當或者超過必要的限度，造成不應有的損害的，緊急避險人應當承擔適當的民事責任。 |
| Article 183 Where a person suffers any harm in order to protect any other person's civil rights and interests, the tortfeasor shall assume civil liability, and the beneficiary may make appropriate indemnification. If there is no tortfeasor or the tortfeasor has fled or is unable to assume civil liability, the beneficiary shall make appropriate indemnification if the victim claims indemnification. | | 第一百八十三條 因保護他人民事權益使自己受到損害的，由侵權人承擔民事責任，受益人可以給予適當補償。沒有侵權人、侵權人逃逸或者無力承擔民事責任，受害人請求補償的，受益人應當給予適當補償。 |
| Article 184 A person who voluntarily provides emergency assistance and causes harm to the recipient of assistance shall not assume civil liability. | | 第一百八十四條 因自願實施緊急救助行為造成受助人損害的，救助人不承擔民事責任。 |
| Article 185 A person who infringes upon the name, likeness, reputation, or honor of a hero or a martyr, among others, causing damage to the public interest, shall assume civil liability. | | 第一百八十五條 侵害英雄烈士等的姓名、肖像、名譽、榮譽，損害社會公共利益的，應當承擔民事責任。 |
| Article 186 Where a party breaches a contract, causing damage to the other party's personal or property rights and interests, the aggrieved party shall be entitled to request the party to assume liability for breach of contract or assume tort liability. | | 第一百八十六條 因當事人一方的違約行為，損害對方人身權益、財產權益的，受損害方有權選擇請求其承擔違約責任或者侵權責任。 |
| Article 187 Where a party to civil legal relations shall be held civilly, administratively, and criminally liable for the same act, the assumption of administrative liability or criminal liability does not affect the assumption of civil liability; and if the party's property is insufficient for payment, the property shall be used first for assumption of civil liability. | | 第一百八十七條 民事主體因同一行為應當承擔民事責任、行政責任和刑事責任的，承擔行政責任或者刑事責任不影響承擔民事責任；民事主體的財產不足以支付的，優先用于承擔民事責任。 |
| Chapter IX Extinctive Prescription | | 第九章 訴訟時效 |
| Article 188 An action instituted in a people's court for protection of civil rights is prescribed by three years, except as otherwise prescribed by any law. | | 第一百八十八條 向人民法院請求保護民事權利的訴訟時效期間為三年。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| The prescriptive period shall be calculated from the day when the obligee knows or should have known that his or her right has been infringed upon and who the obligor is, except as otherwise provided for by any law. The people's court shall not offer protection if 20 years have elapsed since the infringement; but under special circumstances, the people's court may decide to extend the prescriptive period upon application of the obligee. | | 訴訟時效期間自權利人知道或者應當知道權利受到損害以及義務人之日起計算。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。但是，自權利受到損害之日起超過二十年的，人民法院不予保護，有特殊情況的，人民法院可以根據權利人的申請決定延長。 |
| Article 189 Where the parties have agreed on the installment performance of a debt, the prescriptive period shall be calculated from the day when the time limit for the last installment expires. | | 第一百八十九條 當事人約定同一債務分期履行的，訴訟時效期間自最後一期履行期限屆滿之日起計算。 |
| Article 190 The prescriptive period of a claim of a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct against his or her statutory agent shall be calculated from the day when the agency by operation of law is terminated. | | 第一百九十條 無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人對其法定代理人的請求權的訴訟時效期間，自該法定代理終止之日起計算。 |
| Article 191 The prescriptive period of a claim for damages of a minor who has suffered sexual assault shall be calculated from the day when the victim attains the age of eighteen. | | 第一百九十一條 未成年人遭受性侵害的損害賠償請求權的訴訟時效期間，自受害人年滿十八周歲之日起計算。 |
| Article 192 When the prescriptive period expires, the obligor may use it as a defense for non-performance of obligations. | | 第一百九十二條 訴訟時效期間屆滿的，義務人可以提出不履行義務的抗辯。 |
| Where the obligor agrees to perform after the prescriptive period expires, the obligor may not defend on the ground that the prescriptive period has expired; and if the obligor has voluntarily performed, no request for restitution may be made. | | 訴訟時效期間屆滿後，義務人同意履行的，不得以訴訟時效期間屆滿為由抗辯；義務人已經自願履行的，不得請求返還。 |
| Article 193 A people's court shall not apply the provisions on extinctive prescription of its own motion. | | 第一百九十三條 人民法院不得主動適用訴訟時效的規定。 |
| Article 194 The prescriptive period shall be suspended if during the last six months of the period, a claim cannot be filed for any of the following obstacles: | | 第一百九十四條 在訴訟時效期間的最後六個月內，因下列障礙，不能行使請求權的，訴訟時效中止： |
| (1) A force majeure. | | （一）不可抗力； |
| (2) The person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct has no statutory agent, or his or her statutory agent dies, loses capacity for civil conduct, or loses the power conferred by laws. | | （二）無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人沒有法定代理人，或者法定代理人死亡、喪失民事行為能力、喪失代理權； |
| (3) The successor or legacy administrator has not been determined after the commencement of succession. | | （三）繼承開始後未確定繼承人或者遺產管理人； |
| (4) The obligee is controlled by the obligor or any other person. | | （四）權利人被義務人或者其他人控制； |
| (5) Any other obstacle resulting in the obligee's failure to file a claim. | | （五）其他導致權利人不能行使請求權的障礙。 |
| The prescriptive period shall expire six months after the day when the obstacle causing the suspension is eliminated. | | 自中止時效的原因消除之日起滿六個月，訴訟時效期間屆滿。 |
| Article 195 The prescriptive period interrupted under any of the following circumstances shall be recalculated from the time of interruption or conclusion of the relevant procedure: | | 第一百九十五條 有下列情形之一的，訴訟時效中斷，從中斷、有關程序終結時起，訴訟時效期間重新計算： |
| (1) The obligee requests the obligor's performance. | | （一）權利人向義務人提出履行請求； |
| (2) The obligor agrees to perform. | | （二）義務人同意履行義務； |
| (3) The obligee institutes an action or applies for arbitration. | | （三）權利人提起訴訟或者申請仲裁； |
| (4) Any other circumstance with equal effects as instituting an action or applying for arbitration. | | （四）與提起訴訟或者申請仲裁具有同等效力的其他情形。 |
| Article 196 The provisions on prescriptive period shall not apply to the following claims: | | 第一百九十六條 下列請求權不適用訴訟時效的規定： |
| (1) A claim for cessation of infringement, removal of obstacles, or elimination of danger. | | （一）請求停止侵害、排除妨礙、消除危險； |
| (2) The claim of a holder of a real right in an immovable or a registered real right in a movable for restitution of property. | | （二）不動產物權和登記的動產物權的權利人請求返還財產； |
| (3) A claim for payment of child support, support for elderly parents, or spousal support. | | （三）請求支付撫養費、贍養費或者扶養費； |
| (4) Any other claim to which the prescriptive period does not apply in accordance with the law. | | （四）依法不適用訴訟時效的其他請求權。 |
| Article 197 The period, calculation method, and causes of suspension or interruption of extinctive prescription shall be provided for by laws, and any agreement between the parties in this respect shall be void. | | 第一百九十七條 訴訟時效的期間、計算方法以及中止、中斷的事由由法律規定，當事人約定無效。 |
| A party's prior renouncement of the benefit of prescription shall be void. | | 當事人對訴訟時效利益的預先放棄無效。 |
| Article 198 Where any law prescribes arbitration, such a law shall apply; otherwise, the provisions on extinctive prescription for actions shall apply. | | 第一百九十八條 法律對仲裁時效有規定的，依照其規定；沒有規定的，適用訴訟時效的規定。 |
| Article 199 Except as otherwise provided for by any law, the duration of rights such as the right of revocation and the right of rescission as granted by laws or agreed upon by the parties shall be calculated from the day when a right holder knows or should have known that such a right has arisen, and the provisions on the suspension, interruption, and extension of extinctive prescription shall not apply to the above duration. The right of revocation, right of rescission, and other rights shall be extinguished upon expiration of such duration. | | 第一百九十九條 法律規定或者當事人約定的撤銷權、解除權等權利的存續期間，除法律另有規定外，自權利人知道或者應當知道權利產生之日起計算，不適用有關訴訟時效中止、中斷和延長的規定。存續期間屆滿，撤銷權、解除權等權利消滅。 |
| Chapter X Calculation of Time Periods | | 第十章 期間計算 |
| Article 200 For the purposes of the civil law, a time period shall be calculated according to the Gregorian calendar by year, month, day, and hour. | | 第二百條 民法所稱的期間按照公曆年、月、日、小時計算。 |
| Article 201 Where a time period is calculated by year, month, and day, the first day of the period shall not be counted, and the period shall be counted from the next day. | | 第二百零一條 按照年、月、日計算期間的，開始的當日不計入，自下一日開始計算。 |
| Where a time period is calculated by hour, the period shall be counted from the time specified by laws or agreed upon by the parties. | | 按照小時計算期間的，自法律規定或者當事人約定的時間開始計算。 |
| Article 202 Where a time period is calculated by year and month, the corresponding date of the expiry month shall be the last day of the time period; or if there is no corresponding date, the last day of the expiry month shall be the last day of the time period. | | 第二百零二條 按照年、月計算期間的，到期月的對應日為期間的最後一日；沒有對應日的，月末日為期間的最後一日。 |
| Article 203 Where the last day of a time period falls on a legal holiday, the day after the legal holiday shall be the last day of the time period. | | 第二百零三條 期間的最後一日是法定休假日的，以法定休假日結束的次日為期間的最後一日。 |
| The last day of a time period shall end at 24:00; or if business hours are applicable, the last day shall end at the closing hour. | | 期間的最後一日的截止時間為二十四時；有業務時間的，停止業務活動的時間為截止時間。 |
| Article 204 Time periods shall be calculated in methods specified by this Code, except as otherwise provided for by any law or agreed upon by the parties. | | 第二百零四條 期間的計算方法依照本法的規定，但是法律另有規定或者當事人另有約定的除外。 |
| Book Two Real Rights | | 第二編 物權 |
| Title One General Provisions | | 第一分編 通則 |
| Chapter I General Rules | | 第一章 一般規定 |
| Article 205 This Book regulates civil relations arising from the attribution and use of property. | | 第二百零五條 本編調整因物的歸屬和利用產生的民事關系。 |
| Article 206 The state upholds and improves the co-development of multiple forms of ownership with public ownership playing a dominant role, the co-existence of multiple modes of distribution with distribution according to the amount of labor performed playing a dominant role, the system of socialist market economy, and other basic socialist economic regimes. | | 第二百零六條 國家堅持和完善公有制為主體、多種所有制經濟共同發展，按勞分配為主體、多種分配方式並存，社會主義市場經濟體制等社會主義基本經濟制度。 |
| The state consolidates and develops the public sector of the economy, and encourages, supports, and guides the development of the non-public sectors of the economy. | | 國家鞏固和發展公有制經濟，鼓勵、支持和引導非公有制經濟的發展。 |
| The state implements the socialist market economy, and safeguards the equal legal status and development rights of all market players. | | 國家實行社會主義市場經濟，保障一切市場主體的平等法律地位和發展權利。 |
| Article 207 The real rights of the state, collectives, individuals, and other right holders shall be equally protected by law, and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual. | | 第二百零七條 國家、集體、私人的物權和其他權利人的物權受法律平等保護，任何組織或者個人不得侵犯。 |
| Article 208 The creation, modification, transfer, or extinction of a real right in an immovable shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of laws. A real right in a movable shall be created or transferred upon delivery in accordance with the provisions of laws. | | 第二百零八條 不動產物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅，應當依照法律規定登記。動產物權的設立和轉讓，應當依照法律規定交付。 |
| Chapter II Creation, Modification, Transfer and Extinction of Real Rights | | 第二章 物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅 |
| Section 1 Registration of Immovables | | 第一節 不動產登記 |
| Article 209 The creation, modification, transfer, or extinction of a real right in an immovable shall become valid after it is registered in accordance with the law; it shall have no binding force if it is not registered in accordance with the law, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第二百零九條 不動產物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅，經依法登記，發生效力；未經登記，不發生效力，但是法律另有規定的除外。 |
| The ownership of natural resources belonging to the state in accordance with the law is not required to be registered. | | 依法屬于國家所有的自然資源，所有權可以不登記。 |
| Article 210 An immovable shall be registered at the registration authority at the place where the immovable is located. | | 第二百一十條 不動產登記，由不動產所在地的登記機構辦理。 |
| The state implements the rules for the unified registration of immovables. The scope of unified registration, registration authorities and the measures for registration shall be provided for by laws and administrative regulations. | | 國家對不動產實行統一登記制度。統一登記的範圍、登記機構和登記辦法，由法律、行政法規規定。 |
| Article 211 A party that applies for the registration of an immovable shall, based on different registration items, provide the certificate of ownership of the immovable and required materials such as those on the boundary and area of the immovable. | | 第二百一十一條 當事人申請登記，應當根據不同登記事項提供權屬證明和不動產界址、面積等必要材料。 |
| Article 212 The registration authority shall perform the following duties: | | 第二百一十二條 登記機構應當履行下列職責： |
| (1) Examining the certificate of ownership and other required materials provided by the applicant. | | （一）查驗申請人提供的權屬證明和其他必要材料； |
| (2) Inquiring the applicant about the relevant registration items. | | （二）就有關登記事項詢問申請人； |
| (3) Registering the relevant items based on facts and in a timely manner. | | （三）如實、及時登記有關事項； |
| (4) Performing other duties provided for by laws and administrative regulations. | | （四）法律、行政法規規定的其他職責。 |
| Where it is necessary to further prove the relevant situation of the immovable involved in the application for registration, the registration authority may require the applicant to submit additional materials, and may conduct on-site inspection when necessary. | | 申請登記的不動產的有關情況需要進一步證明的，登記機構可以要求申請人補充材料，必要時可以實地查看。 |
| Article 213 The registration authority may not commit any of the following conduct: | | 第二百一十三條 登記機構不得有下列行為： |
| (1) Requiring the assessment of the immovable. | | （一）要求對不動產進行評估； |
| (2) Conducting repeated registration in the name of annual inspection, among others. | | （二）以年檢等名義進行重複登記； |
| (3) Any other conduct beyond the scope of registration duties. | | （三）超出登記職責範圍的其他行為。 |
| Article 214 The creation, modification, transfer, or extinction of the real right in an immovable shall, if it shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of laws, become valid from the time when it is recorded in the register of immovables. | | 第二百一十四條 不動產物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅，依照法律規定應當登記的，自記載于不動產登記簿時發生效力。 |
| Article 215 A contract entered into by the parties on the creation, modification, transfer, or extinction of the real right in an immovable shall become valid from the date when the contract is entered into, unless it is otherwise provided for by any law or agreed upon by the parties; and if the real right has not been registered, it shall not affect the validity of the contract. | | 第二百一十五條 當事人之間訂立有關設立、變更、轉讓和消滅不動產物權的合同，除法律另有規定或者當事人另有約定外，自合同成立時生效；未辦理物權登記的，不影響合同效力。 |
| Article 216 The register of immovables is the basis for determining the attribution and content of a real right. | | 第二百一十六條 不動產登記簿是物權歸屬和內容的根據。 |
| The register of immovables shall be managed by the registration authority. | | 不動產登記簿由登記機構管理。 |
| Article 217 The certificate of ownership of an immovable is the certificate proving that the right holder is entitled to the real right in the immovable. The items recorded in the certificate of ownership of the immovable shall be consistent with those recorded in the register of immovables; in the case of any discrepancy, the item recorded in the register of immovables shall prevail, except that there is any evidence to prove that there is any error in the item. | | 第二百一十七條 不動產權屬證書是權利人享有該不動產物權的證明。不動產權屬證書記載的事項，應當與不動產登記簿一致；記載不一致的，除有證據證明不動產登記簿確有錯誤外，以不動產登記簿為准。 |
| Article 218 The right holder or the interested party may apply for consulting or duplicating immovable registration materials, and the registration authority shall provide such materials. | | 第二百一十八條 權利人、利害關系人可以申請查詢、複制不動產登記資料，登記機構應當提供。 |
| Article 219 The parties of interest shall not make public or illegally use the right holder's immovable registration materials. | | 第二百一十九條 利害關系人不得公開、非法使用權利人的不動產登記資料。 |
| Article 220 The right holder or the interested party may apply for correction registration if it or he is of the opinion that there is any error in the item recorded in the register of immovables. If the right holder recorded in the register of immovables agrees to correction in a written form or has evidence to prove that there is any error in the registration item, the registration authority shall make correction. | | 第二百二十條 權利人、利害關系人認為不動產登記簿記載的事項錯誤的，可以申請更正登記。不動產登記簿記載的權利人書面同意更正或者有證據證明登記確有錯誤的，登記機構應當予以更正。 |
| Where the right holder recorded in the register of immovables disagrees to the correction, the interested party may apply for opposition registration. If the registration authority grants the opposition registration, but the applicant fails to institute an action within 15 days from the date of opposition registration, the opposition registration shall cease to be effective. If the opposition registration is inappropriate and causes any damage to the right holder, the right holder may claim compensation for damages from the applicant. | | 不動產登記簿記載的權利人不同意更正的，利害關系人可以申請異議登記。登記機構予以異議登記，申請人自異議登記之日起十五日內不提起訴訟的，異議登記失效。異議登記不當，造成權利人損害的，權利人可以向申請人請求損害賠償。 |
| Article 221 Where a party enters into a property purchase agreement or an agreement on a real right in any other immovable, the party may, as agreed upon, apply to the registration authority for advance notice registration so as to guarantee the exercise of the real right in the future. After the advance notice registration, any disposal of the immovable without the consent of the right holder recorded in the advance notice registration shall produce no effect of real right. | | 第二百二十一條 當事人簽訂買賣房屋的協議或者簽訂其他不動產物權的協議，為保障將來實現物權，按照約定可以向登記機構申請預告登記。預告登記後，未經預告登記的權利人同意，處分該不動產的，不發生物權效力。 |
| Where, after the advance notice registration, the creditor's right is extinguished or no application for the registration of the immovable is filed within 90 days from the date when the immovable can be registered, the advance notice registration shall cease to be effective. | | 預告登記後，債權消滅或者自能夠進行不動產登記之日起九十日內未申請登記的，預告登記失效。 |
| Article 222 Any party that provides false application materials for registration, thus causing any damage to another person, shall assume compensatory liability. | | 第二百二十二條 當事人提供虛假材料申請登記，造成他人損害的，應當承擔賠償責任。 |
| Where the registration authority causes any damage to another person due to any error in registration, it shall assume compensatory liability. After making the compensation, the registration authority may recover the amount from the person causing the error in registration. | | 因登記錯誤，造成他人損害的，登記機構應當承擔賠償責任。登記機構賠償後，可以向造成登記錯誤的人追償。 |
| Article 223 Immovable registration fees shall be collected on each piece, and may not be collected on the basis of the area or size of the immovable or in proportion to the price. | | 第二百二十三條 不動產登記費按件收取，不得按照不動產的面積、體積或者價款的比例收取。 |
| Section 2 Delivery of Movables | | 第二節 動產交付 |
| Article 224 The creation or transfer of the real right in a movable shall become valid upon delivery, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第二百二十四條 動產物權的設立和轉讓，自交付時發生效力，但是法律另有規定的除外。 |
| Article 225 The creation, modification, transfer, or extinction of the real right in a vessel, aircraft, or motor vehicle, among others, if it is not registered, shall not be set up against a bona fide third party. | | 第二百二十五條 船舶、航空器和機動車等的物權的設立、變更、轉讓和消滅，未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。 |
| Article 226 Where the right holder has possessed a movable before the real right in the movable is created or transferred, the real right shall have binding force when the juridical act becomes valid. | | 第二百二十六條 動產物權設立和轉讓前，權利人已經占有該動產的，物權自民事法律行為生效時發生效力。 |
| Article 227 Where a third party has possessed a movable before the real right in the movable is created or transferred, the person who is obliged to deliver the movable may transfer the right to request a third party to return the original property to replace the delivery. | | 第二百二十七條 動產物權設立和轉讓前，第三人占有該動產的，負有交付義務的人可以通過轉讓請求第三人返還原物的權利代替交付。 |
| Article 228 Where it is agreed by the parties that the transferor continues to possess the movable when the real right in the movable is transferred, the real right shall have binding force from the time when the agreement becomes valid. | | 第二百二十八條 動產物權轉讓時，當事人又約定由出讓人繼續占有該動產的，物權自該約定生效時發生效力。 |
| Section 3 Other Provisions | | 第三節 其他規定 |
| Article 229 Where a real right is created, modified, transferred, or extinguished in accordance with the legal document of a people's court or an arbitration institution or an expropriation decision made by a people's government, among others, it shall have binding force from the time when the legal document or expropriation decision, among others, becomes valid. | | 第二百二十九條 因人民法院、仲裁機構的法律文書或者人民政府的征收決定等，導致物權設立、變更、轉讓或者消滅的，自法律文書或者征收決定等生效時發生效力。 |
| Article 230 Where a real right is acquired through succession, it shall have binding force from the time of succession. | | 第二百三十條 因繼承取得物權的，自繼承開始時發生效力。 |
| Article 231 Where a real right is created or extinguished due to such factual behavior as lawful construction and demolition of buildings, it shall have binding force at the time when the factual behavior is committed. | | 第二百三十一條 因合法建造、拆除房屋等事實行為設立或者消滅物權的，自事實行為成就時發生效力。 |
| Article 232 Any disposal of the real right in an immovable enjoyed in accordance with the provisions of this Section shall produce no effect of real right if it is not registered as required by laws. | | 第二百三十二條 處分依照本節規定享有的不動產物權，依照法律規定需要辦理登記的，未經登記，不發生物權效力。 |
| Chapter III Protection of Real Rights | | 第三章 物權的保護 |
| Article 233 Where a real right is infringed upon, the right holder may have the matter settled by such means as conciliation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation. | | 第二百三十三條 物權受到侵害的，權利人可以通過和解、調解、仲裁、訴訟等途徑解決。 |
| Article 234 Where any dispute arises over the attribution or content of a real right, the interested parties may file a claim for confirmation of the right. | | 第二百三十四條 因物權的歸屬、內容發生爭議的，利害關系人可以請求確認權利。 |
| Article 235 With respect of the untitled possession of an immovable or movable, the right holder may file a claim for return of the original property. | | 第二百三十五條 無權占有不動產或者動產的，權利人可以請求返還原物。 |
| Article 236 Where a real right has been or may be interfered with, the right holder may file a claim for removal of interference or elimination of danger. | | 第二百三十六條 妨害物權或者可能妨害物權的，權利人可以請求排除妨害或者消除危險。 |
| Article 237 Where an immovable or movable is damaged, the right holder may file a claim for repair, rebuilding, replacement, or restoration to the original condition, in accordance with the law. | | 第二百三十七條 造成不動產或者動產毀損的，權利人可以依法請求修理、重作、更換或者恢複原狀。 |
| Article 238 Where the infringement upon a real right causes any damage to the right holder, the right holder may file a claim for damages in accordance with the law, and may also file a claim for assumption of any other civil liability in accordance with the law. | | 第二百三十八條 侵害物權，造成權利人損害的，權利人可以依法請求損害賠償，也可以依法請求承擔其他民事責任。 |
| Article 239 The ways for the protection of a real right as provided for in this Chapter may be applied either separately or jointly, depending on the circumstance of the infringement upon the real right. | | 第二百三十九條 本章規定的物權保護方式，可以單獨適用，也可以根據權利被侵害的情形合並適用。 |
| Title Two Ownership | | 第二分編 所有權 |
| Chapter IV General Rules | | 第四章 一般規定 |
| Article 240 The owner of an immovable or movable has the right to possess, use, enjoy, and dispose of such an immovable or movable in accordance with the law. | | 第二百四十條 所有權人對自己的不動產或者動產，依法享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權利。 |
| Article 241 The owner of an immovable or movable has the right to create usufructs and security interests on the immovable or movable. In exercising rights, the usufructuary or security interest holder may not damage the owner's rights and interests. | | 第二百四十一條 所有權人有權在自己的不動產或者動產上設立用益物權和擔保物權。用益物權人、擔保物權人行使權利，不得損害所有權人的權益。 |
| Article 242 No organization or individual may acquire the ownership of an immovable or movable exclusively owned by the state as provided for by laws. | | 第二百四十二條 法律規定專屬于國家所有的不動產和動產，任何組織或者個人不能取得所有權。 |
| Article 243 Land owned by collectives and buildings and other immovables of organizations or individuals may be expropriated in the interest of the public within the limits of power and under the procedures provided for by laws. | | 第二百四十三條 為了公共利益的需要，依照法律規定的權限和程序可以征收集體所有的土地和組織、個人的房屋以及其他不動產。 |
| Where land owned by collectives is expropriated, land compensation, resettlement subsidies, and compensation for rural villagers' houses, other fixtures on land, and young crops, among others, shall be paid in full amount in accordance with law, and social security expenses for the farmers whose land is expropriated shall be arranged for, in order to guarantee the farmers' daily lives and safeguard their lawful rights and interests. | | 征收集體所有的土地，應當依法及時足額支付土地補償費、安置補助費以及農村村民住宅、其他地上附著物和青苗等的補償費用，並安排被征地農民的社會保障費用，保障被征地農民的生活，維護被征地農民的合法權益。 |
| Where the buildings and other immovables of organizations or individuals are expropriated, indemnities for expropriation shall be given in accordance with the law, and the lawful rights and interests of the person whose land is expropriated shall be protected; and if the housing of individuals is expropriated, each individual's residential conditions shall also be guaranteed. | | 征收組織、個人的房屋以及其他不動產，應當依法給予征收補償，維護被征收人的合法權益；征收個人住宅的，還應當保障被征收人的居住條件。 |
| No organization or individual may embezzle, misappropriate, privately divide, withhold, or default on the payment of indemnities for expropriation and other expenses. | | 任何組織或者個人不得貪汙、挪用、私分、截留、拖欠征收補償費等費用。 |
| Article 244 The state provides special protection for arable land, strictly restricts the repurposing of farmland as land for construction, and controls the total amount of land for construction. No land owned by the collective may be expropriated beyond the limits of power or in violation of the procedures provided for by any law. | | 第二百四十四條 國家對耕地實行特殊保護，嚴格限制農用地轉為建設用地，控制建設用地總量。不得違反法律規定的權限和程序征收集體所有的土地。 |
| Article 245 In order to meet such urgent needs as emergency rescue, disaster relief, and epidemic containment, the immovable or movable of an organization or individual may be requisitioned within the limits of power under the procedures as provided for by laws. After use, the requisitioned immovable or movable shall be returned to the organization or individual of which/whom the immovable or movable is requisitioned. If the immovable or movable of the organization or individual is requisitioned, or if it is damaged or lost after the requisition thereof, an indemnity shall be given. | | 第二百四十五條 因搶險救災、疫情防控等緊急需要，依照法律規定的權限和程序可以征用組織、個人的不動產或者動產。被征用的不動產或者動產使用後，應當返還被征用人。組織、個人的不動產或者動產被征用或者征用後毀損、滅失的，應當給予補償。 |
| Chapter V State Ownership, Collective Ownership and Private Ownership | | 第五章 國家所有權和集體所有權、私人所有權 |
| Article 246 The property owned by the state as provided for by laws belong to the state, that is, the whole people. | | 第二百四十六條 法律規定屬于國家所有的財產，屬于國家所有即全民所有。 |
| The State Council exercises the ownership of state-owned property on behalf of the state, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 國有財產由國務院代表國家行使所有權。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 247 All mineral resources, waters and sea areas belong to the state. | | 第二百四十七條 礦藏、水流、海域屬于國家所有。 |
| Article 248 Uninhabited sea islands belong to the state, and the State Council exercises the ownership of uninhabited sea islands on behalf of the state. | | 第二百四十八條 無居民海島屬于國家所有，國務院代表國家行使無居民海島所有權。 |
| Article 249 Urban land belongs to the state. Land in rural areas and suburban areas owned by the state as provided for by laws belongs to the state. | | 第二百四十九條 城市的土地，屬于國家所有。法律規定屬于國家所有的農村和城市郊區的土地，屬于國家所有。 |
| Article 250 Natural resources such as forests, mountains, grassland, waste land, and intertidal zones belong to the state, except that they are owned collectively as provided for by laws. | | 第二百五十條 森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘塗等自然資源，屬于國家所有，但是法律規定屬于集體所有的除外。 |
| Article 251 The wildlife resources owned by the state as provided for by laws belong to the state. | | 第二百五十一條 法律規定屬于國家所有的野生動植物資源，屬于國家所有。 |
| Article 252 Radio-frequency spectrum resources belong to the state. | | 第二百五十二條 無線電頻譜資源屬于國家所有。 |
| Article 253 The cultural relics owned by the state as provided for by laws belong to the state. | | 第二百五十三條 法律規定屬于國家所有的文物，屬于國家所有。 |
| Article 254 Assets for national defense belong to the state. | | 第二百五十四條 國防資產屬于國家所有。 |
| Infrastructures such as railways, highways, electric power facilities, telecommunications facilities, and oil and gas pipelines that are owned by the state as provided for by laws belong to the state. | | 鐵路、公路、電力設施、電信設施和油氣管道等基礎設施，依照法律規定為國家所有的，屬于國家所有。 |
| Article 255 State organs are entitled to possess and use the immovables and movables directly under their control and to dispose of them in accordance with laws and the relevant provisions issued by the State Council. | | 第二百五十五條 國家機關對其直接支配的不動產和動產，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和國務院的有關規定處分的權利。 |
| Article 256 The public institutions sponsored by the state are entitled to possess and use the immovables and movables directly under their control and to enjoy and dispose of them in accordance with laws and the relevant provisions issued by the State Council. | | 第二百五十六條 國家舉辦的事業單位對其直接支配的不動產和動產，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和國務院的有關規定收益、處分的權利。 |
| Article 257 With respect to the enterprises invested by the state, the State Council and local people's governments shall, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, perform the duties of investors on behalf of the state, and enjoy the rights and interests of investors. | | 第二百五十七條 國家出資的企業，由國務院、地方人民政府依照法律、行政法規規定分別代表國家履行出資人職責，享有出資人權益。 |
| Article 258 The property owned by the state shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual may embezzle, loot, privately divide, withhold, or destroy them. | | 第二百五十八條 國家所有的財產受法律保護，禁止任何組織或者個人侵占、哄搶、私分、截留、破壞。 |
| Article 259 The institutions performing the duties of administration and supervision of state-owned property and their staff members shall, in accordance with the law, strengthen the administration and supervision of state-owned property, promote the value preservation and increment of state-owned property, and prevent the loss of state-owned property; and whoever abuses power or neglects duty, causing any loss of state-owned property, shall assume legal liability in accordance with the law. | | 第二百五十九條 履行國有財產管理、監督職責的機構及其工作人員，應當依法加強對國有財產的管理、監督，促進國有財產保值增值，防止國有財產損失；濫用職權，玩忽職守，造成國有財產損失的，應當依法承擔法律責任。 |
| Whoever, in violation of the provisions on the management of state-owned property, causes any loss of state-owned property by transferring it at a low price, privately dividing it in collusion with others, using it as security without approval or by other means in the course of enterprise restructuring, business combination or division, or affiliated transaction, among others, shall assume legal liability in accordance with the law. | | 違反國有財產管理規定，在企業改制、合並分立、關聯交易等過程中，低價轉讓、合謀私分、擅自擔保或者以其他方式造成國有財產損失的，應當依法承擔法律責任。 |
| Article 260 The immovables and movables owned by a collective include: | | 第二百六十條 集體所有的不動產和動產包括： |
| (1) land, forests, mountains, grassland, waste land and intertidal zones owned by the collective as provided for by laws; | | （一）法律規定屬于集體所有的土地和森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘塗； |
| (2) buildings, production facilities, and water conservancy facilities of farmland that are owned by the collective; | | （二）集體所有的建築物、生產設施、農田水利設施； |
| (3) educational, scientific, cultural, public health, sports, and other facilities that are owned by the collective; and | | （三）集體所有的教育、科學、文化、衛生、體育等設施； |
| (4) other immovables and movables owned by the collective. | | （四）集體所有的其他不動產和動產。 |
| Article 261 The immovables and movables owned by a farmers' collective belong to all the members of the collective. | | 第二百六十一條 農民集體所有的不動產和動產，屬于本集體成員集體所有。 |
| The following matters shall be subject to decision-making by the members of the collective under statutory procedures: | | 下列事項應當依照法定程序經本集體成員決定： |
| (1) Land contracting plan, and offering land to organizations or individuals for agricultural operations other than those belonging to the collective. | | （一）土地承包方案以及將土地發包給本集體以外的組織或者個人承包； |
| (2) Adjustment of the contracted land among the holders of a conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations. | | （二）個別土地承包經營權人之間承包地的調整； |
| (3) Measures for the use and distribution of land compensation and other expenses. | | （三）土地補償費等費用的使用、分配辦法； |
| (4) Such matters as change in the ownership of any enterprise invested by the collective. | | （四）集體出資的企業的所有權變動等事項； |
| (5) Other matters provided for by laws. | | （五）法律規定的其他事項。 |
| Article 262 The ownership of collectively-owned land, forest, mountain, grassland, waste land or intertidal zone, among others, shall be exercised in accordance with the following provisions: | | 第二百六十二條 對于集體所有的土地和森林、山嶺、草原、荒地、灘塗等，依照下列規定行使所有權： |
| (1) If it is owned by a farmers' collective of a village, the ownership shall be exercised by a collective economic organization or the villagers' committee of the village on behalf of the collective in accordance with the law. | | （一）屬于村農民集體所有的，由村集體經濟組織或者村民委員會依法代表集體行使所有權； |
| (2) If it is owned by two or more farmers' collectives of a village, the ownership shall be exercised by all the collective economic organizations or the villagers' groups of the village on behalf of the collective in accordance with the law. | | （二）分別屬于村內兩個以上農民集體所有的，由村內各該集體經濟組織或者村民小組依法代表集體行使所有權； |
| (3) If it is owned by a farmers' collective of a township or town, the ownership shall be exercised by a collective economic organization of the township or town on behalf of the collective. | | （三）屬于鄉鎮農民集體所有的，由鄉鎮集體經濟組織代表集體行使所有權。 |
| Article 263 An urban collective has the right to possess, use, enjoy, and dispose of any immovable or movable owned by it in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. | | 第二百六十三條 城鎮集體所有的不動產和動產，依照法律、行政法規的規定由本集體享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權利。 |
| Article 264 A rural collective economic organization, villager's committee or villagers' group shall publicize the status of the property owned by the collective to the members of the collective in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, its articles of association, village rules and villagers' agreements. Members of the collective have the right to consult and duplicate the relevant materials. | | 第二百六十四條 農村集體經濟組織或者村民委員會、村民小組應當依照法律、行政法規以及章程、村規民約向本集體成員公布集體財產的狀況。集體成員有權查閱、複制相關資料。 |
| Article 265 The property owned by a collective shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual may encroach upon, loot, privately divide, or destroy such property. | | 第二百六十五條 集體所有的財產受法律保護，禁止任何組織或者個人侵占、哄搶、私分、破壞。 |
| Where a decision made by a rural collective economic organization, or a villagers' committee or by the person in charge thereof infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of any member of the collective, such a member may request the people's court to revoke such a decision. | | 農村集體經濟組織、村民委員會或者其負責人作出的決定侵害集體成員合法權益的，受侵害的集體成員可以請求人民法院予以撤銷。 |
| Article 266 An individual shall have the ownership of his or her lawfully earned income, buildings, articles for daily use, means of production, raw materials, and other immovables and movables. | | 第二百六十六條 私人對其合法的收入、房屋、生活用品、生產工具、原材料等不動產和動產享有所有權。 |
| Article 267 An individual's lawful property shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual may encroach upon, loot, or destroy it. | | 第二百六十七條 私人的合法財產受法律保護，禁止任何組織或者個人侵占、哄搶、破壞。 |
| Article 268 The state, any collective or individual may, in accordance with the law, make investment to form a limited liability company, a joint stock company, or any other enterprise. If the immovable or movable owned by the state, the collective or an individual is invested in an enterprise, the investor shall enjoy such rights as obtaining asset returns, making major decisions and selecting business managers, and shall perform duties as agreed upon or in proportion to the amount of investment. | | 第二百六十八條 國家、集體和私人依法可以出資設立有限責任公司、股份有限公司或者其他企業。國家、集體和私人所有的不動產或者動產投到企業的，由出資人按照約定或者出資比例享有資產收益、重大決策以及選擇經營管理者等權利並履行義務。 |
| Article 269 A for-profit legal person has the right to possess, use, enjoy, and dispose of its immovables and movables in accordance with laws and administrative regulations as well as its bylaws. | | 第二百六十九條 營利法人對其不動產和動產依照法律、行政法規以及章程享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權利。 |
| The rights enjoyed by a legal person other than for-profit legal persons over its immovables and movables shall be governed by the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations as well as its bylaws. | | 營利法人以外的法人，對其不動產和動產的權利，適用有關法律、行政法規以及章程的規定。 |
| Article 270 The immovables and movables legally owned by social organization legal persons and legal persons making donations shall be protected by law. | | 第二百七十條 社會團體法人、捐助法人依法所有的不動產和動產，受法律保護。 |
| Chapter VI Owners' Separate Ownership in a Building | | 第六章 業主的建築物區分所有權 |
| Article 271 The owners have the ownership of private portions within a building, such as housing units and commercial units, and have the right to co-own and jointly manage the common portions other than the private portions. | | 第二百七十一條 業主對建築物內的住宅、經營性用房等專有部分享有所有權，對專有部分以外的共有部分享有共有和共同管理的權利。 |
| Article 272 The owners have the right to possess, use, enjoy, and dispose of the private portions of a building. No owner may, in exercising rights, endanger the safety of the building or infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of any other owner. | | 第二百七十二條 業主對其建築物專有部分享有占有、使用、收益和處分的權利。業主行使權利不得危及建築物的安全，不得損害其他業主的合法權益。 |
| Article 273 An owner shall enjoy the rights and fulfill the obligations over the common portions other than the private portions of a building, and may not refuse to fulfill the obligations on the excuse of waiver of rights. | | 第二百七十三條 業主對建築物專有部分以外的共有部分，享有權利，承擔義務；不得以放棄權利為由不履行義務。 |
| When an owner transfers its housing unit or commercial unit within a building, the owner's right to co-own and jointly manage the common portions shall be transferred along with it. | | 業主轉讓建築物內的住宅、經營性用房，其對共有部分享有的共有和共同管理的權利一並轉讓。 |
| Article 274 The roads within the zoning lot shall be co-owned by owners, except those belonging in the public roads of a city or town. The green spaces within the zoning lot shall be co-owned by owners, except those belonging in the public green spaces of a city or town or, as it is clearly indicated, belonging to individuals. Other public spaces, public facilities and buildings used for property management services within the zoning lot shall be co-owned by owners. | | 第二百七十四條 建築區劃內的道路，屬于業主共有，但是屬于城鎮公共道路的除外。建築區劃內的綠地，屬于業主共有，但是屬于城鎮公共綠地或者明示屬于個人的除外。建築區劃內的其他公共場所、公用設施和物業服務用房，屬于業主共有。 |
| Article 275 In the zoning lot, the attribution of the planned parking spaces and garages shall be agreed upon by the parties by such means as sale, additional gift, and lease. | | 第二百七十五條 建築區劃內，規劃用于停放汽車的車位、車庫的歸屬，由當事人通過出售、附贈或者出租等方式約定。 |
| The roads or other spaces co-owned by the owners, which are used for parking vehicles, shall belong to all the owners. | | 占用業主共有的道路或者其他場地用于停放汽車的車位，屬于業主共有。 |
| Article 276 In the zoning lot, the planned parking spaces and garages shall first be used to meet the needs of the owners. | | 第二百七十六條 建築區劃內，規劃用于停放汽車的車位、車庫應當首先滿足業主的需要。 |
| Article 277 The owners may establish an owners' assembly to elect an owners' committee. The specific conditions and procedures for the establishment of the owners' assembly and owners' committee shall be governed by the provisions of laws and regulations. | | 第二百七十七條 業主可以設立業主大會，選舉業主委員會。業主大會、業主委員會成立的具體條件和程序，依照法律、法規的規定。 |
| The relevant departments of local people's governments and neighborhood committees shall provide guidance and assistance for the establishment of the owners' assembly and the election of the owners' committee. | | 地方人民政府有關部門、居民委員會應當對設立業主大會和選舉業主委員會給予指導和協助。 |
| Article 278 The following matters shall be decided on by all the owners: | | 第二百七十八條 下列事項由業主共同決定： |
| (1) Developing and amending the rules of procedures of the owners' assembly. | | （一）制定和修改業主大會議事規則； |
| (2) Developing and amending management rules and agreements. | | （二）制定和修改管理規約； |
| (3) Electing the owners' committee or replacing members of the owners' committee. | | （三）選舉業主委員會或者更換業主委員會成員； |
| (4) Selecting or dismissing the property management service enterprise or any other manager. | | （四）選聘和解聘物業服務企業或者其他管理人； |
| (5) Using funds for the maintenance of a building and its ancillary facilities. | | （五）使用建築物及其附屬設施的維修資金； |
| (6) Raising funds for the maintenance of a building and its ancillary facilities. | | （六）籌集建築物及其附屬設施的維修資金； |
| (7) Transforming and reconstructing a building and its ancillary facilities. | | （七）改建、重建建築物及其附屬設施； |
| (8) Changing the use of common portions or using common portions to conduct business activities. | | （八）改變共有部分的用途或者利用共有部分從事經營活動； |
| (7) Other major matters relating to co-ownership and joint management rights. | | （九）有關共有和共同管理權利的其他重大事項。 |
| The matters to be decided on by all the owners shall be voted on by two-thirds or more of all the owners, provided that the area of private portions owned by such owners accounts for two-thirds or more of the total area. The decisions on the matters set out in subparagraphs (6) through (8) of the preceding paragraph shall be subject to the consent of three quarters or more of the owners participating in the voting, provided that the area of private portions owned by such owners accounts for three quarters or more of the total area. The decisions on other matters set out in the preceding paragraph shall be subject to the consent of over a half of the owners participating in the voting, provided that the area of private portions owned by such owners accounts for over a half of the total area. | | 業主共同決定事項，應當由專有部分面積占比三分之二以上的業主且人數占比三分之二以上的業主參與表決。決定前款第六項至第八項規定的事項，應當經參與表決專有部分面積四分之三以上的業主且參與表決人數四分之三以上的業主同意。決定前款其他事項，應當經參與表決專有部分面積過半數的業主且參與表決人數過半數的業主同意。 |
| Article 279 No owner may change a housing unit into a commercial unit in violation of any law, regulation or management rule or agreement. If an owner intends to change a housing unit into a commercial unit, the owner shall, in addition to observing laws, regulations and management rules and agreements, obtain the consensus of the owners that have an interest in the change. | | 第二百七十九條 業主不得違反法律、法規以及管理規約，將住宅改變為經營性用房。業主將住宅改變為經營性用房的，除遵守法律、法規以及管理規約外，應當經有利害關系的業主一致同意。 |
| Article 280 The decisions made by an owners' assembly or an owners' committee are legally binding upon all the owners. | | 第二百八十條 業主大會或者業主委員會的決定，對業主具有法律約束力。 |
| Where any decision made by the owners' assembly or the owners' committee infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of any owner, such an owner may request a people's court to revoke the decision. | | 業主大會或者業主委員會作出的決定侵害業主合法權益的，受侵害的業主可以請求人民法院予以撤銷。 |
| Article 281 The funds for the maintenance of a building and its ancillary facilities are co-owned by owners, which, upon their common decision, may be used for maintaining, renovating and reconstructing the common portions such as elevators, roofs, outer walls, and barrier-free facilities. The information on the raising and use of funds for the maintenance of a building and its ancillary facilities shall be published on a periodical basis. | | 第二百八十一條 建築物及其附屬設施的維修資金，屬于業主共有。經業主共同決定，可以用于電梯、屋頂、外牆、無障礙設施等共有部分的維修、更新和改造。建築物及其附屬設施的維修資金的籌集、使用情況應當定期公布。 |
| Where a building and its ancillary facilities need to be repaired in case of emergency, the owners' assembly or the owners' committee may apply for the use of funds for the maintenance of a building and its ancillary facilities in accordance with the law. | | 緊急情況下需要維修建築物及其附屬設施的，業主大會或者業主委員會可以依法申請使用建築物及其附屬設施的維修資金。 |
| Article 282 The income derived from the use of common portions of the owners by the project owner, property management service enterprise or any other manager, among others, after the deduction of reasonable costs, shall belong to all the owners. | | 第二百八十二條 建設單位、物業服務企業或者其他管理人等利用業主的共有部分產生的收入，在扣除合理成本之後，屬于業主共有。 |
| Article 283 Where there is an agreement on such matters as the apportioning of expenses for a building and its ancillary facilities and the distribution of proceeds therefrom, such an agreement shall prevail; in the absence of such an agreement or if such an agreement is ambiguous, such matters shall be determined based on the proportion of the area of the owners' private portions to the total area of the building. | | 第二百八十三條 建築物及其附屬設施的費用分攤、收益分配等事項，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照業主專有部分面積所占比例確定。 |
| Article 284 The owners may manage the building and its ancillary facilities by themselves, or entrust a property management service enterprise or any other manager to do so. | | 第二百八十四條 業主可以自行管理建築物及其附屬設施，也可以委托物業服務企業或者其他管理人管理。 |
| The owners have the right to legally replace the property management service enterprise or any other manager retained by the project owner. | | 對建設單位聘請的物業服務企業或者其他管理人，業主有權依法更換。 |
| Article 285 The property management service enterprise or any other manager shall, as authorized by the owners, manage the building and its ancillary facilities within the zoning lot according to the provisions of Book Three of this Code governing property management service contracts, accept the supervision from the owners, and give replies to the inquiries made by the owners on property management services in a timely manner. | | 第二百八十五條 物業服務企業或者其他管理人根據業主的委托，依照本法第三編有關物業服務合同的規定管理建築區劃內的建築物及其附屬設施，接受業主的監督，並及時答複業主對物業服務情況提出的詢問。 |
| The property management service enterprise or any other manager shall execute the emergency response measures and other management measures legally taken by the government, and actively cooperate in the relevant work. | | 物業服務企業或者其他管理人應當執行政府依法實施的應急處置措施和其他管理措施，積極配合開展相關工作。 |
| Article 286 The owners shall abide by laws, regulations and management rules and agreements, and their relevant acts shall comply with the requirements for the conservation of resources and the protection of ecology and environment. The owners shall, in accordance with the law, cooperate with the property management service enterprise or any other manager in the execution of emergency response measures and other management measures legally taken by the government. | | 第二百八十六條 業主應當遵守法律、法規以及管理規約，相關行為應當符合節約資源、保護生態環境的要求。對于物業服務企業或者其他管理人執行政府依法實施的應急處置措施和其他管理措施，業主應當依法予以配合。 |
| With respect to any act that damages the lawful rights and interests of any other person, such as discarding wastes at will, discharging pollutants, making noises, feeding animals in violation of the relevant provisions, illegally building shelters, occupying passages, and refusing to pay property management fees, the owners' assembly or the owners' committee has the right to request the actor to cease the infringement, remove the obstacles, eliminate the danger, restore to the original conditions, and compensate for the losses in accordance with the relevant laws, regulations, and management rules and agreements. | | 業主大會或者業主委員會，對任意棄置垃圾、排放汙染物或者噪聲、違反規定飼養動物、違章搭建、侵占通道、拒付物業費等損害他人合法權益的行為，有權依照法律、法規以及管理規約，請求行為人停止侵害、排除妨礙、消除危險、恢複原狀、賠償損失。 |
| Where the owner or any actor refuses to fulfill relevant obligations, the relevant party may file a report or complaint with the relevant administrative department, and the relevant administrative department shall handle it in accordance with the law. | | 業主或者其他行為人拒不履行相關義務的，有關當事人可以向有關行政主管部門報告或者投訴，有關行政主管部門應當依法處理。 |
| Article 287 An owner whose lawful rights and interests are infringed upon by the project owner, a property management service enterprise, any other manager, or any other owner has the right to request the latter to assume civil liability. | | 第二百八十七條 業主對建設單位、物業服務企業或者其他管理人以及其他業主侵害自己合法權益的行為，有權請求其承擔民事責任。 |
| Chapter VII Neighboring Relations | | 第七章 相鄰關系 |
| Article 288 The right holders of neighboring immovables shall properly handle their neighboring relations under the principles of being conducive to production, convenience for daily life, unity and mutual assistance, and fairness and rationality. | | 第二百八十八條 不動產的相鄰權利人應當按照有利生產、方便生活、團結互助、公平合理的原則，正確處理相鄰關系。 |
| Article 289 Where the handling of neighboring relations is provided for any by law or regulation, the provisions thereof shall prevail; or if the law or regulation is silent, such relations may be handled according to local customs. | | 第二百八十九條 法律、法規對處理相鄰關系有規定的，依照其規定；法律、法規沒有規定的，可以按照當地習慣。 |
| Article 290 The right holder of an immovable shall provide necessary convenience for water use and drainage by the right holder of the neighboring immovable. | | 第二百九十條 不動產權利人應當為相鄰權利人用水、排水提供必要的便利。 |
| Natural running water shall be rationally used by the right holders of neighboring immovables. The natural flow shall be observed with respect to the drainage of natural running water. | | 對自然流水的利用，應當在不動產的相鄰權利人之間合理分配。對自然流水的排放，應當尊重自然流向。 |
| Article 291 The right holder of an immovable shall provide necessary convenience if the right holder of a neighboring immovable has to use the land thereof for passage or any other purpose. | | 第二百九十一條 不動產權利人對相鄰權利人因通行等必須利用其土地的，應當提供必要的便利。 |
| Article 292 Where the right holder of an immovable has to use the neighboring land or building for constructing or maintaining a building, or laying wires, cables, water pipes, heating pipelines, or fuel gas pipelines, among others, the right holder of such land or building shall provide necessary convenience. | | 第二百九十二條 不動產權利人因建造、修繕建築物以及鋪設電線、電纜、水管、暖氣和燃氣管線等必須利用相鄰土地、建築物的，該土地、建築物的權利人應當提供必要的便利。 |
| Article 293 In the construction of a building, the relevant engineering construction standards of the state shall not be violated, and the ventilation, light and sunshine of the neighboring building shall not be interfered with. | | 第二百九十三條 建造建築物，不得違反國家有關工程建設標准，不得妨礙相鄰建築物的通風、采光和日照。 |
| Article 294 The right holder of an immovable shall not, in violation of the provisions issued by the state, discard solid waste, discharge air, water, or soil pollutants, make noise, produce optical or electromagnetic radiation, or discharge other hazardous substances. | | 第二百九十四條 不動產權利人不得違反國家規定棄置固體廢物，排放大氣汙染物、水汙染物、土壤汙染物、噪聲、光輻射、電磁輻射等有害物質。 |
| Article 295 The right holder of an immovable shall not endanger the safety of the neighboring immovable when excavating land, constructing a building, laying pipelines, or installing equipment, among others. | | 第二百九十五條 不動產權利人挖掘土地、建造建築物、鋪設管線以及安裝設備等，不得危及相鄰不動產的安全。 |
| Article 296 Where the right holder of an immovable uses the neighboring immovable for water use, drainage, passage, laying pipelines, or any other purpose, the right holder shall do the best to avoid causing any damage to the right holder of the neighboring immovable. | | 第二百九十六條 不動產權利人因用水、排水、通行、鋪設管線等利用相鄰不動產的，應當盡量避免對相鄰的不動產權利人造成損害。 |
| Chapter VIII Co-ownership | | 第八章 共有 |
| Article 297 Immovables or movables may be co-owned by two or more organizations or individuals. Co-ownership consists of divided co-ownership and undivided co-ownership. | | 第二百九十七條 不動產或者動產可以由兩個以上組織、個人共有。共有包括按份共有和共同共有。 |
| Article 298 Co-owners in divided co-ownership have the ownership of a co-owned immovable or movable in proportion to their shares. | | 第二百九十八條 按份共有人對共有的不動產或者動產按照其份額享有所有權。 |
| Article 299 Co-owners in undivided co-ownership jointly enjoy the ownership of a co-owned immovable or movable. | | 第二百九十九條 共同共有人對共有的不動產或者動產共同享有所有權。 |
| Article 300 Co-owners shall manage the co-owned immovable or movable as agreed upon; in the absence of such an agreement or if such an agreement is ambiguous, all co-owners have the management rights and obligations. | | 第三百條 共有人按照約定管理共有的不動產或者動產；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，各共有人都有管理的權利和義務。 |
| Article 301 The disposal or major repair, or modification of nature or use of a co-owned immovable or movable shall be subject to the consent of co-owners in divided co-ownership holding two-thirds or more of shares or all co-owners in undivided co-ownership, unless it is otherwise agreed upon by the co-owners. | | 第三百零一條 處分共有的不動產或者動產以及對共有的不動產或者動產作重大修繕、變更性質或者用途的，應當經占份額三分之二以上的按份共有人或者全體共同共有人同意，但是共有人之間另有約定的除外。 |
| Article 302 Where the co-owners have agreed upon the fees for managing the co-owned property and other expenses, such an agreement shall apply; in the absence of such an agreement or if such an agreement is ambiguous, such expenses shall be borne by co-owners in divided co-ownership in proportion to their shares, or be jointly borne by co-owners in undivided co-ownership. | | 第三百零二條 共有人對共有物的管理費用以及其他負擔，有約定的，按照其約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按份共有人按照其份額負擔，共同共有人共同負擔。 |
| Article 303 Where the co-owners have agreed not to partition the co-owned immovable or movable in order to maintain the co-ownership, such an agreement shall prevail; however, a co-owner that has any material reason for partition may request partition; in the absence of such an agreement or if the agreement is ambiguous, a co-owner in divided ownership may request partition at any time, while a co-owner in undivided ownership may request partition only if the basis for co-ownership has ceased to exist or partition is justified by any material reason. If the partition causes any damage to any other co-owner, compensation shall be made. | | 第三百零三條 共有人約定不得分割共有的不動產或者動產，以維持共有關系的，應當按照約定，但是共有人有重大理由需要分割的，可以請求分割；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按份共有人可以隨時請求分割，共同共有人在共有的基礎喪失或者有重大理由需要分割時可以請求分割。因分割造成其他共有人損害的，應當給予賠償。 |
| Article 304 Co-owners may determine the way of partition through consultation. If no agreement is reached and the co-owned immovable or movable may be partitioned without reducing its value, the property shall be partitioned; if it is difficult to partition the property or the partition will decrease its value, the proceeds obtained from the conversion into money, auction or sell-off of the immovable or movable shall be distributed. | | 第三百零四條 共有人可以協商確定分割方式。達不成協議，共有的不動產或者動產可以分割且不會因分割減損價值的，應當對實物予以分割；難以分割或者因分割會減損價值的，應當對折價或者拍賣、變賣取得的價款予以分割。 |
| Where the immovable or movable obtained by a co-owner through partition has any defect, other co-owners shall share the losses. | | 共有人分割所得的不動產或者動產有瑕疵的，其他共有人應當分擔損失。 |
| Article 305 A co-owner in divided co-ownership may transfer its share of the co-owned immovable or movable. Other co-owners have the preemptive right under equal conditions. | | 第三百零五條 按份共有人可以轉讓其享有的共有的不動產或者動產份額。其他共有人在同等條件下享有優先購買的權利。 |
| Article 306 A co-owner in divided co-ownership that transfers its share of a co-owned immovable or movable shall notify other co-owners of the conditions for transfer in a timely manner. Other co-owners shall exercise the preemptive right within a reasonable period. | | 第三百零六條 按份共有人轉讓其享有的共有的不動產或者動產份額的，應當將轉讓條件及時通知其他共有人。其他共有人應當在合理期限內行使優先購買權。 |
| Where two or more other co-owners claim the exercise of the preemptive right, they shall determine their respective purchase ratio through consultation; if such consultation fails, they shall exercise the preemptive right in proportion to their respective shares at the time of transfer. | | 兩個以上其他共有人主張行使優先購買權的，協商確定各自的購買比例；協商不成的，按照轉讓時各自的共有份額比例行使優先購買權。 |
| Article 307 In external relations, the co-owners shall have joint and several rights and obligations arising from the co-owned immovable or movable, unless it is otherwise provided for by any law or a third party knows that the co-owners do not have joint and several rights and obligations; in internal relations among the co-owners, unless it is otherwise agreed upon by the co-owners, the co-owners in divided co-ownership shall have joint and several rights and obligations in proportion to their shares, while the co-owners in undivided ownership shall jointly have rights and obligations. A co-owner in divided ownership that pays the debt in excess of its share has the right to recover the overpaid amount from other co-owners. | | 第三百零七條 因共有的不動產或者動產產生的債權債務，在對外關系上，共有人享有連帶債權、承擔連帶債務，但是法律另有規定或者第三人知道共有人不具有連帶債權債務關系的除外；在共有人內部關系上，除共有人另有約定外，按份共有人按照份額享有債權、承擔債務，共同共有人共同享有債權、承擔債務。償還債務超過自己應當承擔份額的按份共有人，有權向其他共有人追償。 |
| Article 308 Where the co-owners fail to agree that the co-owned immovable or movable is subject to divided co-ownership or undivided co-ownership, or such an agreement is ambiguous, the ownership shall be deemed as divided ownership, unless the co-owners are of a family or have other relations. | | 第三百零八條 共有人對共有的不動產或者動產沒有約定為按份共有或者共同共有，或者約定不明確的，除共有人具有家庭關系等外，視為按份共有。 |
| Article 309 Where the co-owners in divided co-ownership fail to agree on the shares of the co-owned immovable or movable or such an agreement is ambiguous, the shares shall be determined based on their amount of investment. If the amount of investment cannot be determined, it shall be deemed that they have equal shares. | | 第三百零九條 按份共有人對共有的不動產或者動產享有的份額，沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照出資額確定；不能確定出資額的，視為等額享有。 |
| Article 310 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to usufruct or security interest enjoyed by two or more organizations or individuals. | | 第三百一十條 兩個以上組織、個人共同享有用益物權、擔保物權的，參照適用本章的有關規定。 |
| Chapter IX Special Provisions on the Obtainment of Ownership | | 第九章 所有權取得的特別規定 |
| Article 311 Where a person transfers to the transferee an immovable or movable which such a person has no right to dispose of, the owner has the right to recover the immovable or movable; except as otherwise provided for by any law, the transferee shall obtain the ownership of the immovable or movable under any of the following circumstances: | | 第三百一十一條 無處分權人將不動產或者動產轉讓給受讓人的，所有權人有權追回；除法律另有規定外，符合下列情形的，受讓人取得該不動產或者動產的所有權： |
| (1) The transferee is in good faith when accepting the transferred immovable or movable. | | （一）受讓人受讓該不動產或者動產時是善意； |
| (2) The transfer is made at a reasonable price. | | （二）以合理的價格轉讓； |
| (3) The transferred immovable or movable has been registered as provided for by laws, or has been delivered to the transferee if no registration is required. | | （三）轉讓的不動產或者動產依照法律規定應當登記的已經登記，不需要登記的已經交付給受讓人。 |
| Where the transferee obtains the ownership of the immovable or movable in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the original owner has the right to claim compensation for damages from the person that has no right to dispose of the immovable or movable. | | 受讓人依據前款規定取得不動產或者動產的所有權的，原所有權人有權向無處分權人請求損害賠償。 |
| The preceding two paragraphs shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to a party's obtainment of any other real right in good faith. | | 當事人善意取得其他物權的，參照適用前兩款規定。 |
| Article 312 The owner or any other right holder has the right to recover lost property. If the lost property is possessed by any other person through transfer, the holder has the right to claim compensation for damages from the person that has no right to dispose of the lost property, or request the transferee to return the original property within two years from the date when he knows or should have known the transferee; however, if the lost property is purchased by the transferee through auction or from a qualified trader, the right holder shall, when requesting the transferee to return the original property, compensate the transferee for the expenses the latter has paid for the property. After compensating the transferee for the expenses the latter has paid for the property, the holder has the right to recover the amount from the person that has no right to dispose of the property. | | 第三百一十二條 所有權人或者其他權利人有權追回遺失物。該遺失物通過轉讓被他人占有的，權利人有權向無處分權人請求損害賠償，或者自知道或者應當知道受讓人之日起二年內向受讓人請求返還原物；但是，受讓人通過拍賣或者向具有經營資格的經營者購得該遺失物的，權利人請求返還原物時應當支付受讓人所付的費用。權利人向受讓人支付所付費用後，有權向無處分權人追償。 |
| Article 313 After the transferee in good faith obtains a movable, the original rights on the movable shall be extinguished, unless the transferee in good faith knows or should have known such rights at the time of transfer. | | 第三百一十三條 善意受讓人取得動產後，該動產上的原有權利消滅。但是，善意受讓人在受讓時知道或者應當知道該權利的除外。 |
| Article 314 A person who finds the lost property shall return it to the right holder. The finder shall, in a timely manner, notify the right holder to take the property back, or deliver it to the public security organ or any other relevant department. | | 第三百一十四條 拾得遺失物，應當返還權利人。拾得人應當及時通知權利人領取，或者送交公安等有關部門。 |
| Article 315 Where the relevant department that receives the found property knows the right holder of the property, it shall, in a timely manner, notify the right holder to take the property back; otherwise, it shall publish a notice on the finding of the lost property in a timely manner. | | 第三百一十五條 有關部門收到遺失物，知道權利人的，應當及時通知其領取；不知道的，應當及時發布招領公告。 |
| Article 316 Lost property shall be properly kept by the finder before it is handed over to the relevant department and by the relevant department before it is taken back. Whoever causes any damage to or loss of the lost property intentionally or for gross negligence shall assume the civil liability. | | 第三百一十六條 拾得人在遺失物送交有關部門前，有關部門在遺失物被領取前，應當妥善保管遺失物。因故意或者重大過失致使遺失物毀損、滅失的，應當承擔民事責任。 |
| Article 317 The right holder shall, when taking back the found property, pay to the finder or the relevant department the necessary expenses such as the cost for the safekeeping of the property. | | 第三百一十七條 權利人領取遺失物時，應當向拾得人或者有關部門支付保管遺失物等支出的必要費用。 |
| The right holder that offers a reward to find the lost property shall fulfill his or her obligation as promised when taking the property back. | | 權利人懸賞尋找遺失物的，領取遺失物時應當按照承諾履行義務。 |
| A finder that illegally possesses the found property shall have no right to claim the expenses paid for the safekeeping of the property, among others, or to request the right holder to fulfill the obligation as promised. | | 拾得人侵占遺失物的，無權請求保管遺失物等支出的費用，也無權請求權利人按照承諾履行義務。 |
| Article 318 Lost property shall belong to the state if it is not claimed within one year from the date when the notice of the finding of the lost property is published. | | 第三百一十八條 遺失物自發布招領公告之日起一年內無人認領的，歸國家所有。 |
| Article 319 The provisions on the finding of lost property shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the finding of drifting property, or buried or hidden property, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第三百一十九條 拾得漂流物、發現埋藏物或者隱藏物的，參照適用拾得遺失物的有關規定。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 320 Where the principal property is transferred, the accessory property shall be transferred along with it, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. | | 第三百二十條 主物轉讓的，從物隨主物轉讓，但是當事人另有約定的除外。 |
| Article 321 Natural fruits shall be obtained by the owner; if there are both the owner and the usufructuary, natural fruits shall be obtained by the usufructuary. If it is otherwise agreed upon by the parties, their agreement shall prevail. | | 第三百二十一條 天然孳息，由所有權人取得；既有所有權人又有用益物權人的，由用益物權人取得。當事人另有約定的，按照其約定。 |
| Where the parties have agreed on legal fruits, the fruits shall be obtained as agreed upon; in the absence of such an agreement or if such an agreement is ambiguous, the fruits shall be obtained according to the usage of trade. | | 法定孳息，當事人有約定的，按照約定取得；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，按照交易習慣取得。 |
| Article 322 Where there is an agreement on the attribution of the property arising from processing, attachment, or mixing, such an agreement shall prevail; in the absence of such an agreement or if such an agreement is ambiguous, the ownership shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of laws; if it is not provided for by laws, the ownership shall be determined under the principles of maximum use of the property and protection of innocent parties. If one party's fault or the determination of attribution of the property has caused any damage to the other party, compensation shall be made. | | 第三百二十二條 因加工、附合、混合而產生的物的歸屬，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，依照法律規定；法律沒有規定的，按照充分發揮物的效用以及保護無過錯當事人的原則確定。因一方當事人的過錯或者確定物的歸屬造成另一方當事人損害的，應當給予賠償或者補償。 |
| Title Three Usufruct | | 第三分編 用益物權 |
| Chapter X General Rules | | 第十章 一般規定 |
| Article 323 A usufructuary shall, in accordance with the law, have the right to possess, use and enjoy the immovable or movable owned by any other person. | | 第三百二十三條 用益物權人對他人所有的不動產或者動產，依法享有占有、使用和收益的權利。 |
| Article 324 An organization or individual may, in accordance with the law, possess, use and enjoy the natural resources that are owned by the state, or owned by the state but are used by the collective, or owned by the collective as provided for by laws. | | 第三百二十四條 國家所有或者國家所有由集體使用以及法律規定屬于集體所有的自然資源，組織、個人依法可以占有、使用和收益。 |
| Article 325 The state implements the rules for the compensated use of natural resources, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第三百二十五條 國家實行自然資源有償使用制度，但是法律另有規定的除外。 |
| Article 326 A usufructuary exercising rights shall comply with the provisions of laws on the protection, reasonable exploitation and utilization of resources, and the protection of ecology and environment. The owner shall not interfere with the exercise of rights by the usufrustuary. | | 第三百二十六條 用益物權人行使權利，應當遵守法律有關保護和合理開發利用資源、保護生態環境的規定。所有權人不得幹涉用益物權人行使權利。 |
| Article 327 Where an immovable or movable is expropriated or requisitioned, which results in the extinction of the usufruct or affects the use of usufruct, the usufructuary has the right to compensation according to Articles 243 and 245 of this Code. | | 第三百二十七條 因不動產或者動產被征收、征用致使用益物權消滅或者影響用益物權行使的，用益物權人有權依據本法第二百四十三條、第二百四十五條的規定獲得相應補償。 |
| Article 328 The right to use sea areas that is obtained in accordance with law shall be protected by law. | | 第三百二十八條 依法取得的海域使用權受法律保護。 |
| Article 329 The mineral exploration right, the mining right, the water intake right and the right to use water areas or intertidal zones for aquaculture or fishery, which are obtained in accordance with the law, shall be protected by law. | | 第三百二十九條 依法取得的探礦權、采礦權、取水權和使用水域、灘塗從事養殖、捕撈的權利受法律保護。 |
| Chapter XI Conventional Usufruct on Rural Land for Agricultural Operations | | 第十一章 土地承包經營權 |
| Article 330 Rural collective economic organizations shall implement the two-level management system characterized by the combination of centralized operation with decentralized operation on the basis of household contracted management. | | 第三百三十條 農村集體經濟組織實行家庭承包經營為基礎、統分結合的雙層經營體制。 |
| The system of land contracting for agricultural operations shall, in accordance with the law, be applied to arable land, forest land, grassland and other land for agricultural use, which are owned by farmers collectively or owned by the state but are used by farmers collectively. | | 農民集體所有和國家所有由農民集體使用的耕地、林地、草地以及其他用于農業的土地，依法實行土地承包經營制度。 |
| Article 331 The holder of a conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations shall, in accordance with the law, have the right to possess, use, and enjoy the arable land, forest land, grassland, among others, which are under their contracting for agricultural operations, and shall have the right to engage in agricultural production, including but not limited to crop cultivation, forestry and animal husbandry. | | 第三百三十一條 土地承包經營權人依法對其承包經營的耕地、林地、草地等享有占有、使用和收益的權利，有權從事種植業、林業、畜牧業等農業生產。 |
| Article 332 The term of a usufruct on arable land shall be 30 years. The term of a usufruct on grassland shall range from 30 years to 50 years. The term of a usufruct on forest land shall range from 30 years and 70 years. | | 第三百三十二條 耕地的承包期為三十年。草地的承包期為三十年至五十年。林地的承包期為三十年至七十年。 |
| The term of a usufruct set out in the preceding paragraph may be renewed upon expiration by the holder of a conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations in accordance with the provisions of laws on the contracting of rural land. | | 前款規定的承包期限屆滿，由土地承包經營權人依照農村土地承包的法律規定繼續承包。 |
| Article 333 A conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations shall be created from the date when the contract for the usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations becomes valid. | | 第三百三十三條 土地承包經營權自土地承包經營權合同生效時設立。 |
| The registration authority shall issue to the holder of a conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations the certificate of a conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations, a certificate of a forest right, or any other certificate for such a purpose, and register it in archives to confirm the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations. | | 登記機構應當向土地承包經營權人發放土地承包經營權證、林權證等證書，並登記造冊，確認土地承包經營權。 |
| Article 334 The holder of a conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations shall have the right to exchange and transfer the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations in accordance with the provisions of laws. No contracted land may be used for non-agricultural construction without approval in accordance with the law. | | 第三百三十四條 土地承包經營權人依照法律規定，有權將土地承包經營權互換、轉讓。未經依法批准，不得將承包地用于非農建設。 |
| Article 335 In case of the exchange or transfer of the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations, the party may apply to the registration authority for registration; and if it is not registered, it shall not be set up against a bona fide third party. | | 第三百三十五條 土地承包經營權互換、轉讓的，當事人可以向登記機構申請登記；未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。 |
| Article 336 During the term of a usufruct, the landowner shall not adjust the contracted land. | | 第三百三十六條 承包期內發包人不得調整承包地。 |
| When the contracted arable land or grassland needs to be adjusted appropriately due to special circumstances, such as serious damage to the contracted land or grassland caused by a natural disaster, the matter shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of laws on the contracting of rural land. | | 因自然災害嚴重毀損承包地等特殊情形，需要適當調整承包的耕地和草地的，應當依照農村土地承包的法律規定辦理。 |
| Article 337 During the term of a usufruct, the landowner may not recover the contracted land, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第三百三十七條 承包期內發包人不得收回承包地。法律另有規定的，依照其規定。 |
| Article 338 Where the contracted land is expropriated, the holder of a conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations has the right to compensation in accordance with Article 243 of this Code. | | 第三百三十八條 承包地被征收的，土地承包經營權人有權依據本法第二百四十三條的規定獲得相應補償。 |
| Article 339 The holder of a conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations may, at its own discretion, circulate the land operating right to others by leasing, contribution for shares, or other means in accordance with the law. | | 第三百三十九條 土地承包經營權人可以自主決定依法采取出租、入股或者其他方式向他人流轉土地經營權。 |
| Article 340 The holder of the land operating right has the right to occupy rural land, carry out agricultural production and operation independently, and obtain proceeds, during the period as agreed upon in the contract. | | 第三百四十條 土地經營權人有權在合同約定的期限內占有農村土地，自主開展農業生產經營並取得收益。 |
| Article 341 The land operating right with a circulation period of five years or more shall be created when the circulation contract becomes valid. A party may apply to the registration authority for the registration of the land operating right; and if it is not registered, it shall not be set up against a bona fide third party. | | 第三百四十一條 流轉期限為五年以上的土地經營權，自流轉合同生效時設立。當事人可以向登記機構申請土地經營權登記；未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。 |
| Article 342 Where rural land is contracted by bidding, auction, open consultation, or other means, and the certificate of ownership has been obtained upon registration in accordance with the law, the land operating right may be legally circulated by leasing, contribution for shares, mortgage, or other means. | | 第三百四十二條 通過招標、拍賣、公開協商等方式承包農村土地，經依法登記取得權屬證書的，可以依法采取出租、入股、抵押或者其他方式流轉土地經營權。 |
| Article 343 The relevant provisions of this Book shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the contracting of land for agricultural use owned by the state for agricultural operations. | | 第三百四十三條 國家所有的農用地實行承包經營的，參照適用本編的有關規定。 |
| Chapter XII Right to Use Land for Construction | | 第十二章 建設用地使用權 |
| Article 344 The holder of the right to use land for construction shall, in accordance with the law, have the right to possess, use and enjoy the land owned by the state, and shall have the right to use such land to construct buildings, structures and their ancillary facilities. | | 第三百四十四條 建設用地使用權人依法對國家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的權利，有權利用該土地建造建築物、構築物及其附屬設施。 |
| Article 345 The right to use land for construction may be created separately on the surface of, above or under the ground. | | 第三百四十五條 建設用地使用權可以在土地的地表、地上或者地下分別設立。 |
| Article 346 The right to use land for construction shall be created in compliance with the requirements for the conservation of resources and protection of ecological environment, and the provisions of laws and administrative regulations on land use, and shall not damage the usufruct that has already been created. | | 第三百四十六條 設立建設用地使用權，應當符合節約資源、保護生態環境的要求，遵守法律、行政法規關于土地用途的規定，不得損害已經設立的用益物權。 |
| Article 347 The right to use land for construction may be created by assignment, allocation, or other means. | | 第三百四十七條 設立建設用地使用權，可以采取出讓或者劃撥等方式。 |
| Where land is used for industrial, commercial, tourist, or entertaining purposes, constructing commercial residential buildings, or for other profit-making purposes, or two or more persons are willing to use the same tract of land, the right to use land for construction shall be assigned through bidding, auction, or other open bidding methods. | | 工業、商業、旅游、娛樂和商品住宅等經營性用地以及同一土地有兩個以上意向用地者的，應當采取招標、拍賣等公開競價的方式出讓。 |
| The creation of the right to use land for construction by means of allocation shall be strictly controlled. | | 嚴格限制以劃撥方式設立建設用地使用權。 |
| Article 348 Where the right to use land for construction is created through bidding, auction, agreement, or by other means of assignment, the parties shall enter into a written contract on the assignment of the right to use land for construction. | | 第三百四十八條 通過招標、拍賣、協議等出讓方式設立建設用地使用權的，當事人應當采用書面形式訂立建設用地使用權出讓合同。 |
| The contract on the assignment of the right to use land for construction shall generally include the following clauses: | | 建設用地使用權出讓合同一般包括下列條款： |
| (1) Names and domiciles of the parties. | | （一）當事人的名稱和住所； |
| (2) The boundary and area, among others, of the land. | | （二）土地界址、面積等； |
| (3) The space occupied by buildings, structures and their ancillary facilities. | | （三）建築物、構築物及其附屬設施占用的空間； |
| (4) Use of the land and conditions for planning. | | （四）土地用途、規劃條件； |
| (5) Term of the right to use land for construction. | | （五）建設用地使用權期限； |
| (6) Land transaction fees and other expenses and the methods for the payment thereof. | | （六）出讓金等費用及其支付方式； |
| (7) Methods for the resolution of disputes. | | （七）解決爭議的方法。 |
| Article 349 For the creation of the right to use land for construction, an application for the registration of the right to use land for construction shall be filed with the registration authority. The right to use land for construction shall be created at the time of registration. The registration authority shall issue a certificate of ownership to the holder of the right to use land for construction. | | 第三百四十九條 設立建設用地使用權的，應當向登記機構申請建設用地使用權登記。建設用地使用權自登記時設立。登記機構應當向建設用地使用權人發放權屬證書。 |
| Article 350 The holder of the right to use land for construction shall make rational use of the land, and shall not change the use of the land; and if the use of the land needs to be changed, it shall be subject to the approval of the relevant administrative department in accordance with the law. | | 第三百五十條 建設用地使用權人應當合理利用土地，不得改變土地用途；需要改變土地用途的，應當依法經有關行政主管部門批准。 |
| Article 351 The holder of the right to use land for construction shall pay land transaction fees and other expenses according to the provisions of laws and as agreed upon in the contract. | | 第三百五十一條 建設用地使用權人應當依照法律規定以及合同約定支付出讓金等費用。 |
| Article 352 The ownership of the buildings, structures and their ancillary facilities constructed by the holder of the right to use land for construction shall belong to the holder of the right to use land for construction, unless it is otherwise proved by contrary evidence. | | 第三百五十二條 建設用地使用權人建造的建築物、構築物及其附屬設施的所有權屬于建設用地使用權人，但是有相反證據證明的除外。 |
| Article 353 The holder of the right to use land for construction has the right to transfer, exchange, contribute as capital, gift, or mortgage the right to use land for construction, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第三百五十三條 建設用地使用權人有權將建設用地使用權轉讓、互換、出資、贈與或者抵押，但是法律另有規定的除外。 |
| Article 354 Where the right to use land for construction is transferred, exchanged, contributed as capital, gifted, or mortgaged, the parties shall enter into a corresponding contract in a written form. The use term shall be agreed upon by the parties, provided that it shall not exceed the remaining term of the right to use land for construction. | | 第三百五十四條 建設用地使用權轉讓、互換、出資、贈與或者抵押的，當事人應當采用書面形式訂立相應的合同。使用期限由當事人約定，但是不得超過建設用地使用權的剩余期限。 |
| Article 355 Where the right to use land for construction is transferred, exchanged, contributed as capital, or gifted, an application for modification registration shall be filed with the registration authority. | | 第三百五十五條 建設用地使用權轉讓、互換、出資或者贈與的，應當向登記機構申請變更登記。 |
| Article 356 Where the right to use land for construction is transferred, exchanged, contributed as capital, or gifted, the buildings, structures and their ancillary facilities on the land shall be disposed of along with the right. | | 第三百五十六條 建設用地使用權轉讓、互換、出資或者贈與的，附著于該土地上的建築物、構築物及其附屬設施一並處分。 |
| Article 357 Where buildings, structures and their ancillary facilities are transferred, exchanged, contributed as capital, or gifted, the right to use land for construction within the area occupied by such buildings, structures and their ancillary facilities shall be disposed of along with them. | | 第三百五十七條 建築物、構築物及其附屬設施轉讓、互換、出資或者贈與的，該建築物、構築物及其附屬設施占用範圍內的建設用地使用權一並處分。 |
| Article 358 Where, before the expiration of the term of the right to use land for construction, the land needs to be recovered in advance in the interest of the public, indemnities for the buildings and other immovables on the land shall be given in accordance with Article 243 of this Code, and the corresponding land transaction fees shall be refunded. | | 第三百五十八條 建設用地使用權期限屆滿前，因公共利益需要提前收回該土地的，應當依據本法第二百四十三條的規定對該土地上的房屋以及其他不動產給予補償，並退還相應的出讓金。 |
| Article 359 The term of the right to use land for the construction of housing units shall be automatically renewed upon expiration. The payment, reduction or exemption of the renewal fee shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. | | 第三百五十九條 住宅建設用地使用權期限屆滿的，自動續期。續期費用的繳納或者減免，依照法律、行政法規的規定辦理。 |
| The term of the right to use land not for the construction of housing units shall be renewed upon expiration in accordance with the provisions of laws. If there is an agreement on the attribution of buildings and other immovables on the aforesaid land, such an agreement shall prevail; in the absence of such an agreement or if such an agreement is ambiguous, the ownership shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. | | 非住宅建設用地使用權期限屆滿後的續期，依照法律規定辦理。該土地上的房屋以及其他不動產的歸屬，有約定的，按照約定；沒有約定或者約定不明確的，依照法律、行政法規的規定辦理。 |
| Article 360 Where the right to use land for construction is extinguished, the assignor shall undergo deregistration in a timely manner. The registration authority shall take back the ownership certificate. | | 第三百六十條 建設用地使用權消滅的，出讓人應當及時辦理注銷登記。登記機構應當收回權屬證書。 |
| Article 361 Where a tract of land owned by the collective is to be used for construction, the matter shall be handled according to the provisions of laws on land administration. | | 第三百六十一條 集體所有的土地作為建設用地的，應當依照土地管理的法律規定辦理。 |
| Chapter XIII Right to Use Rural Land as a Residential Lot | | 第十三章 宅基地使用權 |
| Article 362 The holder of the right to use rural land as a residential lot shall, in accordance with the law, have the right to possess and use collectively-owned land, and use the land for constructing houses and their ancillary facilities. | | 第三百六十二條 宅基地使用權人依法對集體所有的土地享有占有和使用的權利，有權依法利用該土地建造住宅及其附屬設施。 |
| Article 363 The laws on land administration and the relevant provisions issued by the state shall apply to the acquisition, exercise and transfer of the right to use rural land as a residential lot. | | 第三百六十三條 宅基地使用權的取得、行使和轉讓，適用土地管理的法律和國家有關規定。 |
| Article 364 When rural land as a residential lot is destroyed or lost due to a natural disaster or any other reason, the right to use rural land as a residential lot is extinguished. New rural land as a residential lot shall be allocated to the villagers who have lost their rural land as a residential lot in accordance with the law. | | 第三百六十四條 宅基地因自然災害等原因滅失的，宅基地使用權消滅。對失去宅基地的村民，應當依法重新分配宅基地。 |
| Article 365 Where the registered right to use rural land as a residential lot is transferred or extinguished, modification registration or deregistration shall be undergone in a timely manner. | | 第三百六十五條 已經登記的宅基地使用權轉讓或者消滅的，應當及時辦理變更登記或者注銷登記。 |
| Chapter XIV Right of Habitation | | 第十四章 居住權 |
| Article 366 As agreed upon in a contract, a person having a right of habitation enjoys the usufruct to occupy and use another's housing unit so as to meet the needs of living. | | 第三百六十六條 居住權人有權按照合同約定，對他人的住宅享有占有、使用的用益物權，以滿足生活居住的需要。 |
| Article 367 To create a right of habitation, the parties shall enter into a contract on the right of habitation in a written form. | | 第三百六十七條 設立居住權，當事人應當采用書面形式訂立居住權合同。 |
| The contract on the right of habitation shall generally include the following clauses: | | 居住權合同一般包括下列條款： |
| (1) Names or titles, and domiciles of the parties. | | （一）當事人的姓名或者名稱和住所； |
| (2) Location of the housing unit. | | （二）住宅的位置； |
| (3) The conditions and requirements for habitation. | | （三）居住的條件和要求； |
| (4) Term of the right of habitation. | | （四）居住權期限； |
| (5) Methods for the resolution of disputes. | | （五）解決爭議的方法。 |
| Article 368 The right of habitation shall be created free of charge, unless it is otherwise agreed upon by the parties. If the right of habitation is created, an application for the registration of the right of habitation shall be filed with the registration authority. The right of habitation is created at the time of registration. | | 第三百六十八條 居住權無償設立，但是當事人另有約定的除外。設立居住權的，應當向登記機構申請居住權登記。居住權自登記時設立。 |
| Article 369 The right of habitation may not be transferred or inherited. A housing unit with the right of habitation created shall not be leased, unless it is otherwise agreed upon by the parties. | | 第三百六十九條 居住權不得轉讓、繼承。設立居住權的住宅不得出租，但是當事人另有約定的除外。 |
| Article 370 The right of habitation is extinguished when the term of the right of habitation expires or the person having the right of habitation dies. If the right of habitation is extinguished, deregistration shall be undergone in a timely manner. | | 第三百七十條 居住權期限屆滿或者居住權人死亡的，居住權消滅。居住權消滅的，應當及時辦理注銷登記。 |
| Article 371 The relevant provisions of this Chapter shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the creation of the right of habitation by testament. | | 第三百七十一條 以遺囑方式設立居住權的，參照適用本章的有關規定。 |
| Chapter XV Servitude | | 第十五章 地役權 |
| Article 372 The owner of the land to which the servitude is owed has the right to use another's immovable as agreed upon in the contract, so as to enhance the benefits of its own immovable. | | 第三百七十二條 地役權人有權按照合同約定，利用他人的不動產，以提高自己的不動產的效益。 |
| For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, another's immovable is the servient land, and one's own immovable is the dominant land. | | 前款所稱他人的不動產為供役地，自己的不動產為需役地。 |
| Article 373 To create servitude, the parties shall enter into a servitude contract in a written form. | | 第三百七十三條 設立地役權，當事人應當采用書面形式訂立地役權合同。 |
| The servitude contract shall generally include the following clauses: | | 地役權合同一般包括下列條款： |
| (1) Names or titles, and domiciles of the parties. | | （一）當事人的姓名或者名稱和住所； |
| (2) Locations of the servient land and dominant land. | | （二）供役地和需役地的位置； |
| (3) Purposes and methods of use. | | （三）利用目的和方法； |
| (4) Term of servitude. | | （四）地役權期限； |
| (5) Fees and methods for the payment thereof. | | （五）費用及其支付方式； |
| (6) Methods for the resolution of disputes. | | （六）解決爭議的方法。 |
| Article 374 Servitude is created when the servitude contract becomes valid. If the parties request registration, they may apply to the registration authority for the registration of servitude; and if it is not registered, it shall not be used to set up against a bona fide third party. | | 第三百七十四條 地役權自地役權合同生效時設立。當事人要求登記的，可以向登記機構申請地役權登記；未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。 |
| Article 375 The owner of the servient land shall, as agreed upon in the contract, allow the owner of the land to which the servitude is owed to use its immovable, and shall not interfere with the latter's exercise of servitude. | | 第三百七十五條 供役地權利人應當按照合同約定，允許地役權人利用其不動產，不得妨害地役權人行使權利。 |
| Article 376 The owner of the land to which the servitude is owed shall use the servient land according to the purposes and methods of use as agreed upon in the contract and to reduce as much as possible the restrictions on the real right of the owner of the servient land. | | 第三百七十六條 地役權人應當按照合同約定的利用目的和方法利用供役地，盡量減少對供役地權利人物權的限制。 |
| Article 377 The term of servitude shall be agreed upon by the parties, provided that it shall not exceed the remaining term of usufruct, such as the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations and the right to use land for construction. | | 第三百七十七條 地役權期限由當事人約定；但是，不得超過土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權等用益物權的剩余期限。 |
| Article 378 Where the landowner enjoys or is burdened by servitude, when the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations, the right to use rural land as a residential lot, or any other usufruct is created, the usufructuary shall continue to enjoy or be burdened by the created servitude. | | 第三百七十八條 土地所有權人享有地役權或者負擔地役權的，設立土地承包經營權、宅基地使用權等用益物權時，該用益物權人繼續享有或者負擔已經設立的地役權。 |
| Article 379 Where the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations, the right to use land for construction, the right to use rural land as a residential lot, or any other usufruct has been created on land, the landowner shall not create servitude without the consent of the usufructuary. | | 第三百七十九條 土地上已經設立土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權、宅基地使用權等用益物權的，未經用益物權人同意，土地所有權人不得設立地役權。 |
| Article 380 Servitude shall not be transferred separately. If the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations, or the right to use land for construction, among others, is transferred, servitude shall be transferred along with it, unless it is otherwise agreed upon in the contract. | | 第三百八十條 地役權不得單獨轉讓。土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權等轉讓的，地役權一並轉讓，但是合同另有約定的除外。 |
| Article 381 Servitude shall not be mortgaged separately. If the usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations, or the right to use land for construction, among others, is mortgaged, servitude shall be transferred along with it when mortgage is exercised. | | 第三百八十一條 地役權不得單獨抵押。土地經營權、建設用地使用權等抵押的，在實現抵押權時，地役權一並轉讓。 |
| Article 382 When the dominant land and the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations or the right to use land for construction thereon, among others, is partially transferred, if servitude is involved in the transferred part, the transferee shall enjoy the servitude at the same time. | | 第三百八十二條 需役地以及需役地上的土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權等部分轉讓時，轉讓部分涉及地役權的，受讓人同時享有地役權。 |
| Article 383 When the servient land and the conventional usufruct on rural land for agricultural operations or the right to use land for construction thereon, among others, is partially transferred, if servitude is involved in the transferred part, the servitude shall be legally binding upon the transferee. | | 第三百八十三條 供役地以及供役地上的土地承包經營權、建設用地使用權等部分轉讓時，轉讓部分涉及地役權的，地役權對受讓人具有法律約束力。 |
| Article 384 Where the owner of the land to which the servitude is owed falls under any of the following circumstances, the owner of the servient land has the right to rescind the servitude contract, and servitude is extinguished. | | 第三百八十四條 地役權人有下列情形之一的，供役地權利人有權解除地役權合同，地役權消滅： |
| (1) Abusing servitude in violation of the provisions of any law or those agreed upon in the contract. | | （一）違反法律規定或者合同約定，濫用地役權； |
| (2) Failing to pay fees for the compensated use of the servient land after being urged to do so for two times within a reasonable period, after the expiration of the agreed term for payment. | | （二）有償利用供役地，約定的付款期限屆滿後在合理期限內經兩次催告未支付費用。 |
| Article 385 Where a registered servitude is modified, transferred, or extinguished, modification registration or deregistration shall be undergone in a timely manner. | | 第三百八十五條 已經登記的地役權變更、轉讓或者消滅的，應當及時辦理變更登記或者注銷登記。 |
| Title Four Security Interests | | 第四分編 擔保物權 |
| Chapter XVI General Rules | | 第十六章 一般規定 |
| Article 386 The security interest holder shall, in accordance with the law, have the priority of compensation made from the property posted as security if the debtor fails to pay the due debt or falls under any circumstance where security interest shall be exercised as agreed upon by the parties, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第三百八十六條 擔保物權人在債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現擔保物權的情形，依法享有就擔保財產優先受償的權利，但是法律另有規定的除外。 |
| Article 387 The creditor may, in loans, sales or other civil activities, create security interest in accordance with the provisions of this Code and other laws, if security is required to guarantee the performance of obligation. | | 第三百八十七條 債權人在借貸、買賣等民事活動中，為保障實現其債權，需要擔保的，可以依照本法和其他法律的規定設立擔保物權。 |
| A third party that provides security to the creditor for the debtor may require the debtor to provide counter guarantee. The relevant provisions of this Code and other laws shall apply to counter guarantee. | | 第三人為債務人向債權人提供擔保的，可以要求債務人提供反擔保。反擔保適用本法和其他法律的規定。 |
| Article 388 For the creation of security interest, a contract on the provision of security shall be entered into in accordance with the provisions of this Code and other laws. Contracts on the provision of security include mortgage contracts, pledge contracts and other contracts with security functions. A contract on the provision of security is a collateral contract of the master contract on obligations. When the master contract on obligations ceases to be effective, the contract on the provision of security shall cease to be effective accordingly, except as otherwise provided for by any law. | | 第三百八十八條 設立擔保物權，應當依照本法和其他法律的規定訂立擔保合同。擔保合同包括抵押合同、質押合同和其他具有擔保功能的合同。擔保合同是主債權債務合同的從合同。主債權債務合同無效的，擔保合同無效，但是法律另有規定的除外。 |
| After a contract on the provision of security is confirmed null and void, if the debtor, the guarantor and the creditor are at fault, they shall assume corresponding civil liability in light of their respective fault. | | 擔保合同被確認無效後，債務人、擔保人、債權人有過錯的，應當根據其過錯各自承擔相應的民事責任。 |
| Article 389 The scope of security interest covers the principal claim and the interest therefrom, default fine, compensation for damages, and the expenses for keeping the property posted as security and for exercising security interest. If it is otherwise agreed upon by the parties, such an agreement shall prevail. | | 第三百八十九條 擔保物權的擔保範圍包括主債權及其利息、違約金、損害賠償金、保管擔保財產和實現擔保物權的費用。當事人另有約定的，按照其約定。 |
| Article 390 Where the property posted as security is damaged, lost, or expropriated, among others, during the term of provision of security, the security interest holder has the priority of compensation made with the insurance money, compensatory damages, or indemnity, among others. The insurance money, compensatory damages, or indemnity, among others, may also be set aside before the term for performing the obligation as secured expires. | | 第三百九十條 擔保期間，擔保財產毀損、滅失或者被征收等，擔保物權人可以就獲得的保險金、賠償金或者補償金等優先受償。被擔保債權的履行期限未屆滿的，也可以提存該保險金、賠償金或者補償金等。 |
| Article 391 Where a security is provided by a third party, if the creditor permits the debtor's transfer of all or part of its obligations without the written consent of the third party, the guarantor shall no longer assume the corresponding suretyship. | | 第三百九十一條 第三人提供擔保，未經其書面同意，債權人允許債務人轉移全部或者部分債務的，擔保人不再承擔相應的擔保責任。 |
| Article 392 Where both real and personal security are provided to secure a claim, and the debtor fails to perform its obligation coming due or any circumstance for security interest to be exercised as agreed upon by the parties occurs, the creditor's claim shall be satisfied as agreed; in the absence of such an agreement or in the case of an ambiguous agreement, if the debtor itself provides real security, the creditor's claim shall first be satisfied by the real security; and if a third party provides real security, the creditor's claim may be satisfied by the real security, and the creditor may also request a surety to fulfill its liability. The third party providing security shall have the right of recovery against the debtor after fulfilling its liability. | | 第三百九十二條 被擔保的債權既有物的擔保又有人的擔保的，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現擔保物權的情形，債權人應當按照約定實現債權；沒有約定或者約定不明確，債務人自己提供物的擔保的，債權人應當先就該物的擔保實現債權；第三人提供物的擔保的，債權人可以就物的擔保實現債權，也可以請求保證人承擔保證責任。提供擔保的第三人承擔擔保責任後，有權向債務人追償。 |
| Article 393 Security interest is extinguished under any of following circumstances: | | 第三百九十三條 有下列情形之一的，擔保物權消滅： |
| (1) The principal claim is extinguished. | | （一）主債權消滅； |
| (2) The security interest is exercised. | | （二）擔保物權實現； |
| (3) The creditor waives the security interest. | | （三）債權人放棄擔保物權； |
| (4) Any other circumstance where security interest shall be extinguished as provided for by any law. | | （四）法律規定擔保物權消滅的其他情形。 |
| Chapter XVII Mortgage | | 第十七章 抵押權 |
| Section 1 Ordinary Mortgage | | 第一節 一般抵押權 |
| Article 394 Where, for securing the performance of an obligation, the debtor or a third party mortgages any property to the creditor instead of transferring the possession of such property, if the debtor fails to pay the due debt or falls under any circumstance where mortgage shall be exercised as agreed upon by the parties, the creditor shall have the priority of compensation made from such property. | | 第三百九十四條 為擔保債務的履行，債務人或者第三人不轉移財產的占有，將該財產抵押給債權人的，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，債權人有權就該財產優先受償。 |
| For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the debtor or the third party is the mortgagor, the creditor is the mortgagee, and the property posted as security is the mortgaged property. | | 前款規定的債務人或者第三人為抵押人，債權人為抵押權人，提供擔保的財產為抵押財產。 |
| Article 395 The following property which the debtor or a third party has the right to dispose of may be mortgaged: | | 第三百九十五條 債務人或者第三人有權處分的下列財產可以抵押： |
| (1) Buildings and other fixtures on land. | | （一）建築物和其他土地附著物； |
| (2) The right to use land for construction. | | （二）建設用地使用權； |
| (3) The right to use sea areas. | | （三）海域使用權； |
| (4) Production equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products, and products. | | （四）生產設備、原材料、半成品、產品； |
| (5) Buildings, vessels, and aircrafts under construction. | | （五）正在建造的建築物、船舶、航空器； |
| (6) Means of transportation. | | （六）交通運輸工具； |
| (7) Any other property that is not prohibited from being mortgaged by any law or administrative regulation. | | （七）法律、行政法規未禁止抵押的其他財產。 |
| The mortgagor may mortgage all the property set out in the preceding paragraph at the same time. | | 抵押人可以將前款所列財產一並抵押。 |
| Article 396 An enterprise, industrial and commercial household, or agricultural producer or trader may mortgage its existing and anticipated production equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products, and products, and if the debtor fails to pay the due debt or falls under any circumstance where mortgage shall be exercised as agreed upon by the parties, the creditor shall have the priority of compensation made with the movable determined as the mortgaged property. | | 第三百九十六條 企業、個體工商戶、農業生產經營者可以將現有的以及將有的生產設備、原材料、半成品、產品抵押，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，債權人有權就抵押財產確定時的動產優先受償。 |
| Article 397 Where a building is mortgaged, the right to use land for construction within the area occupied by the building shall be mortgaged along with the building. If the right to use land for construction is mortgaged, the buildings on the land shall be mortgaged along with such a right. | | 第三百九十七條 以建築物抵押的，該建築物占用範圍內的建設用地使用權一並抵押。以建設用地使用權抵押的，該土地上的建築物一並抵押。 |
| Where the mortgagor fails to mortgage as provided for in the preceding paragraph, the property not mortgaged shall be deemed to have been mortgaged along with the mortgaged property. | | 抵押人未依據前款規定一並抵押的，未抵押的財產視為一並抵押。 |
| Article 398 The right to use land for construction enjoyed by a township (town) or village enterprise may not be mortgaged separately. If the workshop or any other building of a township (town) or village enterprise is mortgaged, the right to use land for construction within the area occupied by the workshop or building shall be mortgaged along with the workshop or building. | | 第三百九十八條 鄉鎮、村企業的建設用地使用權不得單獨抵押。以鄉鎮、村企業的廠房等建築物抵押的，其占用範圍內的建設用地使用權一並抵押。 |
| Article 399 The following property may not be mortgaged: | | 第三百九十九條 下列財產不得抵押： |
| (1) Land ownership. | | （一）土地所有權； |
| (2) The right to use the land owned by the collective, such as rural land as a residential lot, private plots and hilly land allotted for private use, except that it may be mortgaged as provided for by any law. | | （二）宅基地、自留地、自留山等集體所有土地的使用權，但是法律規定可以抵押的除外； |
| (3) Educational, medical and health, and other public welfare facilities of schools, kindergartens, medical institutions, and other non-profit legal persons formed for public welfare purposes. | | （三）學校、幼兒園、醫療機構等為公益目的成立的非營利法人的教育設施、醫療衛生設施和其他公益設施； |
| (4) Property of which the ownership or the right to use is ambiguous or controversial. | | （四）所有權、使用權不明或者有爭議的財產； |
| (5) Property seized, detained, or overseen in accordance with the law. | | （五）依法被查封、扣押、監管的財產； |
| (6) Any other property which may not be mortgaged as provided for by laws and administrative regulations. | | （六）法律、行政法規規定不得抵押的其他財產。 |
| Article 400 To create mortgage, the parties shall enter into a mortgage contract in a written form. | | 第四百條 設立抵押權，當事人應當采用書面形式訂立抵押合同。 |
| The mortgage contract shall generally include the following clauses: | | 抵押合同一般包括下列條款： |
| (1) The type and amount of the secured claim. | | （一）被擔保債權的種類和數額； |
| (2) The term for the debtor to perform the obligation. | | （二）債務人履行債務的期限； |
| (3) The name, quality and other information of the mortgaged property. | | （三）抵押財產的名稱、數量等情況； |
| (4) The scope of security. | | （四）擔保的範圍。 |
| Article 401 Where, before the expiration of the term for performing obligations, the mortgagee agree with the mortgagor that the mortgaged property shall belong to the creditor when the debtor fails to pay the due debt, the creditor may only have the priority of compensation made from the mortgaged property. | | 第四百零一條 抵押權人在債務履行期限屆滿前，與抵押人約定債務人不履行到期債務時抵押財產歸債權人所有的，只能依法就抵押財產優先受償。 |
| Article 402 Where any property set out in subparagraphs (1) through (3) or a building under construction set out in subparagraph (5), paragraph 1 of Article 395 of this Code is mortgaged, mortgage registration shall be undergone. Mortgage is created at the time of registration. | | 第四百零二條 以本法第三百九十五條第一款第一項至第三項規定的財產或者第五項規定的正在建造的建築物抵押的，應當辦理抵押登記。抵押權自登記時設立。 |
| Article 403 Where a movable is mortgaged, mortgage is created at the time when the mortgage contract becomes valid; and if it is not registered, it shall not be set up against a bona fide third party. | | 第四百零三條 以動產抵押的，抵押權自抵押合同生效時設立；未經登記，不得對抗善意第三人。 |
| Article 404 Where a movable is mortgaged, it shall not be set up against the buyer that has paid reasonable price and obtained the mortgaged property in ordinary business activities. | | 第四百零四條 以動產抵押的，不得對抗正常經營活動中已經支付合理價款並取得抵押財產的買受人。 |
| Article 405 Where the mortgaged property has been leased and the possession thereof has been transferred before the creation of mortgage, the original lease relations shall not be affected by the mortgage. | | 第四百零五條 抵押權設立前，抵押財產已經出租並轉移占有的，原租賃關系不受該抵押權的影響。 |
| Article 406 The mortgagor may transfer the mortgaged property during the mortgage term. If it is otherwise agreed upon by the parties, their agreement shall prevail. Mortgage is not affected if the mortgaged property is transferred. | | 第四百零六條 抵押期間，抵押人可以轉讓抵押財產。當事人另有約定的，按照其約定。抵押財產轉讓的，抵押權不受影響。 |
| The mortgagor that transfers the mortgaged property shall notify the mortgagee in a timely manner. If the mortgagee is able to prove that mortgage may be damaged due to the transfer of the mortgaged property, the mortgagee may request the mortgagor to pay off the debt with the proceeds obtained from such transfer to the mortgagee in advance or set aside the proceeds. The part of proceeds obtained from transfer exceeding the amount of claim shall belong to the mortgagor, and if the proceeds are insufficient to pay the debt, the shortfall shall be paid off by the debtor. | | 抵押人轉讓抵押財產的，應當及時通知抵押權人。抵押權人能夠證明抵押財產轉讓可能損害抵押權的，可以請求抵押人將轉讓所得的價款向抵押權人提前清償債務或者提存。轉讓的價款超過債權數額的部分歸抵押人所有，不足部分由債務人清償。 |
| Article 407 Mortgage may not be separated from the creditor's right and transferred alone, or be used as a security for any other creditor's right. If the creditor's right is transferred, the mortgage to secure the creditor's right shall be transferred along with it, unless it is otherwise provided for by any law or agreed upon by the parties. | | 第四百零七條 抵押權不得與債權分離而單獨轉讓或者作為其他債權的擔保。債權轉讓的，擔保該債權的抵押權一並轉讓，但是法律另有規定或者當事人另有約定的除外。 |
| Article 408 Where the mortgagor's act is sufficient to decrease the value of the mortgaged property, the mortgagee has the right to request the mortgagor to cease such an act. If the value of the mortgaged property decreases, the mortgagee has the right to claim the restoration of the original value of the mortgaged property or the provision of security corresponding to the amount of the value reduced. If the mortgagor fails to restore the original value of the mortgaged property or to provide security, the mortgagee has the right to request the debtor to pay off the debt in advance. | | 第四百零八條 抵押人的行為足以使抵押財產價值減少的，抵押權人有權請求抵押人停止其行為；抵押財產價值減少的，抵押權人有權請求恢複抵押財產的價值，或者提供與減少的價值相應的擔保。抵押人不恢複抵押財產的價值，也不提供擔保的，抵押權人有權請求債務人提前清償債務。 |
| Article 409 The mortgagee may waive the mortgage or its place in the order of mortgage. The mortgagee and the mortgagor may, upon agreement, modify such content as the place in the order of mortgage and the amount of secured claim, provided that such modification shall not have any adverse effect on any other mortgagee without the written consent of any other mortgagee. | | 第四百零九條 抵押權人可以放棄抵押權或者抵押權的順位。抵押權人與抵押人可以協議變更抵押權順位以及被擔保的債權數額等內容。但是，抵押權的變更未經其他抵押權人書面同意的，不得對其他抵押權人產生不利影響。 |
| Where the debtor creates mortgage with the property thereof, if the mortgagee waives the mortgage or place in the order of mortgage or makes any modification in respect of the mortgage thereof, other guarantors shall be exempted from the suretyship to the extent that the mortgagee forfeits the priority of compensation, unless other guarantors are still committed to the suretyship. | | 債務人以自己的財產設定抵押，抵押權人放棄該抵押權、抵押權順位或者變更抵押權的，其他擔保人在抵押權人喪失優先受償權益的範圍內免除擔保責任，但是其他擔保人承諾仍然提供擔保的除外。 |
| Article 410 Where the debtor fails to pay the due debt or falls under any circumstance where mortgage shall be exercised as agreed upon by the parties, the mortgagee may agree with the mortgagor that it has priority of compensation made with the money into which the mortgaged property is converted or the proceeds obtained from the auction or sell-off of the property. If such an agreement damages the interests of any other creditor, the other creditor may request the people's court to revoke the agreement. | | 第四百一十條 債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，抵押權人可以與抵押人協議以抵押財產折價或者以拍賣、變賣該抵押財產所得的價款優先受償。協議損害其他債權人利益的，其他債權人可以請求人民法院撤銷該協議。 |
| Where the mortgagee and the mortgagor fail to reach an agreement on the means of exercising mortgage, the mortgagee may request the people's court to have the mortgaged property auctioned or sold off. | | 抵押權人與抵押人未就抵押權實現方式達成協議的，抵押權人可以請求人民法院拍賣、變賣抵押財產。 |
| Where the mortgaged property is converted into money or sold off, its market price shall be taken as the reference. | | 抵押財產折價或者變賣的，應當參照市場價格。 |
| Article 411 Where mortgage is created in accordance with Article 396 of this Code, the mortgaged property shall be determined under any of the following circumstances: | | 第四百一十一條 依據本法第三百九十六條規定設定抵押的，抵押財產自下列情形之一發生時確定： |
| (1) The creditor's right is not exercised upon the expiration of the term for performing the obligation. | | （一）債務履行期限屆滿，債權未實現； |
| (2) The mortgagor is declared bankrupt or is dissolved. | | （二）抵押人被宣告破產或者解散； |
| (3) Any circumstance where mortgage shall be exercised as agreed upon by the parties. | | （三）當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形； |
| (4) Any other circumstance that seriously affects the exercise of the creditor's right. | | （四）嚴重影響債權實現的其他情形。 |
| Article 412 Where the mortgaged property is detained by a people's court in accordance with law since the debtor fails to pay the due debt or falls under any circumstance where mortgage shall be exercised as agreed upon by the parties, from the date when the property is detained, the mortgagee has the right to collect the natural or legal fruits accrued from the mortgaged property, except that the mortgagee fails to notify the obligor to pay off the legal fruits. | | 第四百一十二條 債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，致使抵押財產被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起，抵押權人有權收取該抵押財產的天然孳息或者法定孳息，但是抵押權人未通知應當清償法定孳息義務人的除外。 |
| The fruits as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall first be used to pay the expenses for collecting such fruits. | | 前款規定的孳息應當先充抵收取孳息的費用。 |
| Article 413 After the mortgaged property is converted into money, or auctioned or sold off, the part of proceeds therefrom exceeding the amount of claim shall belong to the mortgagor; and if the proceeds are insufficient to cover the claim, the shortfall shall be paid off by the debtor. | | 第四百一十三條 抵押財產折價或者拍賣、變賣後，其價款超過債權數額的部分歸抵押人所有，不足部分由債務人清償。 |
| Article 414 Where a same property is mortgaged to two or more creditors, the proceeds from the auction or sell-off of the mortgaged property shall be used for payment according to the following provisions: | | 第四百一十四條 同一財產向兩個以上債權人抵押的，拍賣、變賣抵押財產所得的價款依照下列規定清償： |
| (1) If mortgage has been registered, payments shall be made in the order of the registration of the mortgage. | | （一）抵押權已經登記的，按照登記的時間先後確定清償順序； |
| (2) The claim secured by a registered mortgage shall be satisfied prior to the unregistered ones. | | （二）抵押權已經登記的先于未登記的受償； |
| (3) For unregistered mortgage, payment shall be made in proportion to the amount of claims. | | （三）抵押權未登記的，按照債權比例清償。 |
| The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to the order of payment with respect to any other security interest that may be registered. | | 其他可以登記的擔保物權，清償順序參照適用前款規定。 |
| Article 415 Where both mortgage and pledge are created on the same property, the order of payment made with the proceeds obtained from the auction or sale of such property shall be determined according to the time of registration and delivery. | | 第四百一十五條 同一財產既設立抵押權又設立質權的，拍賣、變賣該財產所得的價款按照登記、交付的時間先後確定清償順序。 |
| Article 416 Where the principal claim secured by mortgage on a movable is the price of the mortgaged property, and mortgage registration is undergone within 10 days after the delivery of the subject matter, the mortgagee has the priority of compensation over other security interest holders of the buyer of the mortgaged property, except the lienor. | | 第四百一十六條 動產抵押擔保的主債權是抵押物的價款，標的物交付後十日內辦理抵押登記的，該抵押權人優先于抵押物買受人的其他擔保物權人受償，但是留置權人除外。 |
| Article 417 After the right to use land for construction is mortgaged, the new building constructed on the land is not mortgaged property. If the right to use land for construction shall be disposed of so as to exercise mortgage, the new building constructed on the land shall be disposed of together with the right to use land for construction. However, the mortgagee has no priority of compensation made with the proceeds obtained from the new building. | | 第四百一十七條 建設用地使用權抵押後，該土地上新增的建築物不屬于抵押財產。該建設用地使用權實現抵押權時，應當將該土地上新增的建築物與建設用地使用權一並處分。但是，新增建築物所得的價款，抵押權人無權優先受償。 |
| Article 418 Where the right to use land owned by the collective is mortgaged in accordance with the law, the nature of the land ownership and the land use purpose may not be changed without undergoing statutory procedures after mortgage is exercised. | | 第四百一十八條 以集體所有土地的使用權依法抵押的，實現抵押權後，未經法定程序，不得改變土地所有權的性質和土地用途。 |
| Article 419 The mortgagee shall exercise mortgage within the prescriptive period of the principal claim, failing which the mortgagee will not be protected by the people's court. | | 第四百一十九條 抵押權人應當在主債權訴訟時效期間行使抵押權；未行使的，人民法院不予保護。 |
| Section 2 Maximum Mortgage | | 第二節 最高額抵押權 |
| Article 420 Where, for securing the performance of an obligation, the debtor or a third party provides any property as security for the debts to be incurred consecutively within a given period of time, if the debtor fails to pay the due debt or falls under any circumstance where mortgage shall be exercised as agreed upon by the parties, the mortgagee has the priority of compensation made with the mortgaged property to the extent of the maximum amount of claim. | | 第四百二十條 為擔保債務的履行，債務人或者第三人對一定期間內將要連續發生的債權提供擔保財產的，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現抵押權的情形，抵押權人有權在最高債權額限度內就該擔保財產優先受償。 |
| A creditor's right that exists before the creation of maximum mortgage may be included in the creditor's rights secured by the maximum mortgage with the consent of the parties. | | 最高額抵押權設立前已經存在的債權，經當事人同意，可以轉入最高額抵押擔保的債權範圍。 |
| Article 421 Where part of the creditor's right is transferred before the creditor's right secured by the maximum mortgage is determined, the maximum mortgage may not be transferred, except as otherwise agreed upon by the parties. | | 第四百二十一條 最高額抵押擔保的債權確定前，部分債權轉讓的，最高額抵押權不得轉讓，但是當事人另有約定的除外。 |
| Article 422 Before the creditor's right secured by the maximum mortgage is determined, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may modify the term for determining the creditor's right, the scope of creditor's right and the maximum amount of claim through agreement, provided that such modification shall not have any adverse effect on any other mortgagee. | | 第四百二十二條 最高額抵押擔保的債權確定前，抵押權人與抵押人可以通過協議變更債權確定的期間、債權範圍以及最高債權額。但是，變更的內容不得對其他抵押權人產生不利影響。 |
| Article 423 The creditor's right of the mortgagee is determined under any of the following circumstances: | | 第四百二十三條 有下列情形之一的，抵押權人的債權確定： |
| (1) The agreed term for determining the creditor's right expires. | | （一）約定的債權確定期間屆滿； |
| (2) In the absence of an agreement on the term for determining the creditor's right or such an agreement is ambiguous, the mortgagee or the mortgagor claims the determination of the creditor's right after the lapse of two years from the date of creation of the maximum mortgage. | | （二）沒有約定債權確定期間或者約定不明確，抵押權人或者抵押人自最高額抵押權設立之日起滿二年後請求確定債權； |
| (3) No new creditor's right will be created. | | （三）新的債權不可能發生； |
| (4) The mortgagee knows or should have known that the mortgaged property is seized or detained. | | （四）抵押權人知道或者應當知道抵押財產被查封、扣押； |
| (5) The debtor or the mortgagor is declared bankrupt or is dissolved. | | （五）債務人、抵押人被宣告破產或者解散； |
| (6) Any other circumstance provided for by any law where the creditor's right is determined. | | （六）法律規定債權確定的其他情形。 |
| Article 424 In addition to the provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter shall apply to maximum mortgage. | | 第四百二十四條 最高額抵押權除適用本節規定外，適用本章第一節的有關規定。 |
| Chapter XVIII Pledge | | 第十八章 質權 |
| Section 1 Pledge of Movables | | 第一節 動產質權 |
| Article 425 Where, for securing the performance of an obligation, the debtor or a third party pledges the movable thereof to the creditor for possession, if the debtor fails to pay the due debt or falls under any circumstance where pledge shall be exercised as agreed upon by the parties, the creditor shall have the priority of compensation made from such a movable. | | 第四百二十五條 為擔保債務的履行，債務人或者第三人將其動產出質給債權人占有的，債務人不履行到期債務或者發生當事人約定的實現質權的情形，債權人有權就該動產優先受償。 |
| For the purposes of the preceding paragraph, the debtor or the third party is the pledgor, the creditor is the pledgee, and the delivered movable is the pledged property. | | 前款規定的債務人或者第三人為出質人，債權人為質權人，交付的動產為質押財產。 |
| Article 426 The movables prohibited from transfer by any law or administrative regulation shall not be pledged. | | 第四百二十六條 法律、行政法規禁止轉讓的動產不得出質。 |
| Article 427 To create pledge, the parties shall enter into a pledge contract in a written form. | | 第四百二十七條 設立質權，當事人應當采用書面形式訂立質押合同。 |
| The pledge contract shall generally include the following clauses: | | 質押合同一般包括下列條款： |
| (1) The type and amount of the secured claim. | | （一）被擔保債權的種類和數額； |
| (2) The term for the debtor to perform the obligation. | | （二）債務人履行債務的期限； |
| (3) The name, quantity and other conditions of the pledged property. | | （三）質押財產的名稱、數量等情況； |
| (4) The scope of security. | | （四）擔保的範圍； |
| (5) The time and methods for the delivery of the pledged property. | | （五）質押財產交付的時間、方式。 |
| Article 428 Where, before the expiration of the term for the performance of an obligation, the pledgee agrees with the pledgor that the pledged property shall belong to the creditor if the debtor fails to pay the due debt, the pledgee may only have the priority of compensation made with the pledged property in accordance with the law. | | 第四百二十八條 質權人在債務履行期限屆滿前，與出質人約定債務人不履行到期債務時質押財產歸債權人所有的，只能依法就質押財產優先受償。 |
| Article 429 Pledge is created when the pledged property is delivered by the pledgor. | | 第四百二十九條 質權自出質人交付質押財產時設立。 |
| Article 430 The pledgee has the right to collect the fruits accrued from the pledged property, except otherwise agreed upon in the contract. | | 第四百三十條 質權人有權收取質押財產的孳息，但是合同另有約定的除外。 |
| The fruits as mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall first be used to pay the expenses for collecting the fruits. | | 前款規定的孳息應當先充抵收取孳息的費用。 |
| Article 431 Where, during the existence of pledge, the pledgee uses or disposes of the pledged property without the consent of the pledgor, thus causing any damage to the pledgor, the pledgee shall assume compensatory liability. | | 第四百三十一條 質權人在質權存續期間，未經出質人同意，擅自使用、處分質押財產，造成出質人損害的，應當承擔賠償責任。 |
| Article 432 The pledgee is obliged to properly keep the pledged property; and shall assume compensatory liability if the pledged property is damaged or lost due to inappropriate safekeeping. | | 第四百三十二條 質權人負有妥善保管質押財產的義務；因保管不善致使質押財產毀損、滅失的，應當承擔賠償責任。 |
| Where any act of the pledgee may cause the damage or loss of the pledged property, the pledgor may request the pledgee to set aside the pledged property, or request the advance payment of the debt and the return of the pledged property. | | 質權人的行為可能使質押財產毀損、滅失的，出質人可以請求質權人將質押財產提存，或者請求提前清償債務並返還質押財產。 |
| Article 433 Where any cause not attributable to the fault of the pledgee may result in the damage or an evident decrease of the value of the pledged property, which is sufficient to damage the rights of the pledgee, the pledgee has the right to request the pledgor to provide the corresponding security. If the pledgor refuses to do so, the pledgee may auction or sell off the pledged property, and may enter into an agreement with the pledgor to pay off the debt with the money obtained from auction or sell-off in advance or set aside the proceeds. | | 第四百三十三條 因不可歸責于質權人的事由可能使質押財產毀損或者價值明顯減少，足以危害質權人權利的，質權人有權請求出質人提供相應的擔保；出質人不提供的，質權人可以拍賣、變賣質押財產，並與出質人協議將拍賣、變賣所得的價款提前清償債務或者提存。 |
| Article 434 Where, during the existence of the pledge, the pledgee transfers the property posted as pledge to a third party without the consent of the pledgor, thus causing the damage or loss of the pledged property, the pledgee shall assume compensatory liability. | | 第四百三十四條 質權人在質權存續期間，未經出質人同意轉質，造成質押財產毀損、滅失的，應當承擔賠償責任。 |
| Article 435 The pledgee may waive the pledge. If the debtor pledges the property thereof and the pledgee waives the pledge, other guarantors are exempted from suretyship to the extent that the pledgee forfeits the priority of compensation, unless other guarantors are still committed to the suretyship. | | 第四百三十五條 質權人可以放棄質權。債務人以自己的財產出質，質權人放棄該質權的，其他擔保人在質權人喪失優先受償權益的範圍內免除擔保責任，但是其他擔保人承諾仍然提供擔保的除外。 |
| Article 436 Where the debtor performs obligations or the pledgor pays off the secured claim in advance, the pledgee shall return the pledged property. | | 第四百三十六條 債務人履行債務或者出質人提前清償所擔保的債權的，質權人應當返還質押財產。 |
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