| | |
| Order of the President of the People's Republic of China | | 中华人民共和国主席令 |
| (No. 46) | | （第四十六号） |
| The Private Sector Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China, adopted at the 15th Session of the Standing Committee of the Fourteenth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on April 30, 2025, is hereby issued and shall come into force on May 20, 2025. | | 《中华人民共和国民营经济促进法》已由中华人民共和国第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十五次会议于2025年4月30日通过，现予公布，自2025年5月20日起施行。 |
| Xi Jinping, President of the People's Republic of China | | 中华人民共和国主席 习近平 |
| April 30, 2025 | | 2025年4月30日 |
| Private Sector Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China | | 中华人民共和国民营经济促进法 |
| (Adopted at the 15th Session of the Standing Committee of the Fourteenth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on April 30, 2025) | | （2025年4月30日第十四届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十五次会议通过） |
| Table of Contents | | 目 录 |
| Chapter I General Provisions | | 第一章 总 则 |
| Chapter II Fair Competition | | 第二章 公平竞争 |
| Chapter III Investment and Financing Promotion | | 第三章 投资融资促进 |
| Chapter IV Technological Innovation | | 第四章 科技创新 |
| Chapter V Well-regulated Operation | | 第五章 规范经营 |
| Chapter VI Services | | 第六章 服务保障 |
| Chapter VII Protection of Rights and Interests | | 第七章 权益保护 |
| Chapter VIII Legal Liability | | 第八章 法律责任 |
| Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions | | 第九章 附 则 |
| Chapter I General Provisions | | 第一章 总 则 |
| Article 1 This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution for the purposes of optimizing the development environment for the private sector, ensuring the fair participation of various economic organizations in market competition, promoting the sound development of the private sector and persons in the sector, building a high-standard socialist market economy, and leveraging the important role of the private sector in the national economy and social development. | | 第一条 为优化民营经济发展环境，保证各类经济组织公平参与市场竞争，促进民营经济健康发展和民营经济人士健康成长，构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，发挥民营经济在国民经济和社会发展中的重要作用，根据宪法，制定本法。 |
| Article 2 The promotion of the development of the private sector shall adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the people-centered approach, and the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, so as to ensure the correct political direction of the development of the private sector. | | 第二条 促进民营经济发展工作坚持中国共产党的领导，坚持以人民为中心，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，确保民营经济发展的正确政治方向。 |
| The state upholds and improves the fundamental socialist economic systems, including the system under which public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop together, the system under which distribution according to work is the mainstay, while multiple forms of distribution exist alongside it, and the socialist market economic system; it unswervingly consolidates and develops the public sector and unswervingly encourages, supports, and guides the development of the non-public sector; it sees that the market plays the decisive role in resource allocation and that the government better fulfills its role. | | 国家坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度；毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展；充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。 |
| Article 3 The private sector is an important part of the socialist market economy, a vital contingent for promoting Chinese modernization, a significant foundation for high-quality development, and a principal force for promoting the development of China into a great modern socialist country in all respects and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Promoting the sustainable, sound, and high-quality development of the private sector is a crucial principle and policy that the state has long upheld. | | 第三条 民营经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分，是推进中国式现代化的生力军，是高质量发展的重要基础，是推动我国全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现中华民族伟大复兴的重要力量。促进民营经济持续、健康、高质量发展，是国家长期坚持的重大方针政策。 |
| The state is committed to encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the private sector in accordance with the law and ensures that the role of the rule of law better plays its role in consolidating the foundation, stabilizing expectations, and bringing long-term benefits. | | 国家坚持依法鼓励、支持、引导民营经济发展，更好发挥法治固根本、稳预期、利长远的保障作用。 |
| According to the principles of equal treatment, fair competition, equal protection, and common development, the state promotes the development of the private sector. Private economic organizations enjoy a legal status, market opportunities, and development rights on an equal footing with other types of economic organizations. | | 国家坚持平等对待、公平竞争、同等保护、共同发展的原则，促进民营经济发展壮大。民营经济组织与其他各类经济组织享有平等的法律地位、市场机会和发展权利。 |
| Article 4 The State Council and local people's governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the promotion of the development of the private sector into their national economic and social development plans, establish a promotion coordination mechanism, formulate and improve policies and measures, and coordinate the resolution of major issues in the development of the private sector. | | 第四条 国务院和县级以上地方人民政府将促进民营经济发展工作纳入国民经济和社会发展规划，建立促进民营经济发展工作协调机制，制定完善政策措施，协调解决民营经济发展中的重大问题。 |
| The development and reform department of the State Council is responsible for coordinating the promotion. Other relevant departments of the State Council are responsible for work related to the promotion within their respective purview. | | 国务院发展改革部门负责统筹协调促进民营经济发展工作。国务院其他有关部门在各自职责范围内，负责促进民营经济发展相关工作。 |
| The relevant departments of local people's governments at or above the county level shall promote the development of the private sector in accordance with laws, regulations, and the division of responsibilities determined by the people's governments at the same level. | | 县级以上地方人民政府有关部门依照法律法规和本级人民政府确定的职责分工，开展促进民营经济发展工作。 |
| Article 5 Private economic organizations and their operators shall uphold the leadership of the CPC, adhere to the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, and actively devote themselves to building a great modern socialist country. | | 第五条 民营经济组织及其经营者应当拥护中国共产党的领导，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，积极投身社会主义现代化强国建设。 |
| The state improves the contingent of operators of private economic organizations, strengthens theoretical and political guidance, and ensure their important role in economic and social development. The state fosters and promotes entrepreneurship and guides operators of private economic organizations in practicing patriotism, dedication and other core socialist values, being committed to compliance, lawful operations, entrepreneurship, and innovation, contributing to society, and being unswervingly dedicated to socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese modernization. | | 国家加强民营经济组织经营者队伍建设，加强思想政治引领，发挥其在经济社会发展中的重要作用；培育和弘扬企业家精神，引导民营经济组织经营者践行社会主义核心价值观，爱国敬业、守法经营、创业创新、回报社会，坚定做中国特色社会主义的建设者、中国式现代化的促进者。 |
| Article 6 Private economic organizations and their operators shall abide by laws and regulations, observe social and business ethics, be honest and trustworthy, compete fairly, fulfill their social responsibilities, protect the lawful rights and interests of workers, safeguard the national interest and public interest, and submit to government and public supervision. | | 第六条 民营经济组织及其经营者从事生产经营活动，应当遵守法律法规，遵守社会公德、商业道德，诚实守信、公平竞争，履行社会责任，保障劳动者合法权益，维护国家利益和社会公共利益，接受政府和社会监督。 |
| Article 7 Federations of industry and commerce shall play an important role in promoting the sound development of the private sector and persons in the sector, strengthen theoretical and political education for operators of private economic organizations, guide private economic organizations in operating in accordance with the law, and improve the level of service to the private sector. | | 第七条 工商业联合会发挥在促进民营经济健康发展和民营经济人士健康成长中的重要作用，加强民营经济组织经营者思想政治建设，引导民营经济组织依法经营，提高服务民营经济水平。 |
| Article 8 The public awareness of the innovation, creation, and other outstanding deeds of private economic organizations and their operators shall be strengthened, private economic organizations and their operators shall be supported in participating in selection and commendation, efforts shall be made to guide the creation of a social environment that respects work, creativity, and entrepreneurs, and an atmosphere that cares for, supports, and promotes the development of the private sector shall be created. | | 第八条 加强对民营经济组织及其经营者创新创造等先进事迹的宣传报道，支持民营经济组织及其经营者参与评选表彰，引导形成尊重劳动、尊重创造、尊重企业家的社会环境，营造全社会关心、支持、促进民营经济发展的氛围。 |
| Article 9 The state establishes and improves a statistical system for the private sector to conduct statistical analysis of its development and publish relevant information on a regular basis. | | 第九条 国家建立健全民营经济统计制度，对民营经济发展情况进行统计分析，定期发布有关信息。 |
| Chapter II Fair Competition | | 第二章 公平竞争 |
| Article 10 The state implements a nationwide unified negative list system for market access. Any field not on the negative list for market access may be entered by various economic organizations, including private economic organizations, lawfully and equally. | | 第十条 国家实行全国统一的市场准入负面清单制度。市场准入负面清单以外的领域，包括民营经济组织在内的各类经济组织可以依法平等进入。 |
| Article 11 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall implement the fair competition review system by subjecting the formulation of policies and measures pertaining the production and operation activities of businesses to fair competition review, and regularly assess, promptly overhaul, and repeal policies and measures that contain obstacles to the national unified market and fair competition, so as to ensure that private economic organizations participate fairly in market competition. | | 第十一条 各级人民政府及其有关部门落实公平竞争审查制度，制定涉及经营主体生产经营活动的政策措施应当经过公平竞争审查，并定期评估，及时清理、废除含有妨碍全国统一市场和公平竞争内容的政策措施，保障民营经济组织公平参与市场竞争。 |
| Market regulatory departments are responsible for accepting reports on violations of policies and measures under the fair competition review system and handling them in accordance with the law. | | 市场监督管理部门负责受理对违反公平竞争审查制度政策措施的举报，并依法处理。 |
| Article 12 The state ensures that private economic organizations have lawful and equal access to various factors of production and public service resources such as funds, technology, human resources, data, land, and other natural resources and are equally eligible for the state's policy on support for development according to the law. | | 第十二条 国家保障民营经济组织依法平等使用资金、技术、人力资源、数据、土地及其他自然资源等各类生产要素和公共服务资源，依法平等适用国家支持发展的政策。 |
| Article 13 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall, in accordance with their statutory powers, treat private economic organizations equally when formulating and implementing policies and measures in areas such as government funding arrangements, land supply, pollution emission targets, public data openness, qualification licensing, standard setting, project application, professional title evaluation, merit evaluation, and human resources. | | 第十三条 各级人民政府及其有关部门依照法定权限，在制定、实施政府资金安排、土地供应、排污指标、公共数据开放、资质许可、标准制定、项目申报、职称评定、评优评先、人力资源等方面的政策措施时，平等对待民营经济组织。 |
| Article 14 Public resource trading activities shall be open, transparent, fair, and just, and lawfully, equally treat various economic organizations, including private economic organizations. | | 第十四条 公共资源交易活动应当公开透明、公平公正，依法平等对待包括民营经济组织在内的各类经济组织。 |
| Unless otherwise provided by law, public resource trading such as solicitation, bidding, and government procurement shall not restrict or exclude private economic organizations. | | 除法律另有规定外，招标投标、政府采购等公共资源交易不得有限制或者排斥民营经济组织的行为。 |
| Article 15 Anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition law enforcement agencies shall, within their purview and powers, prevent and stop monopolistic and unfair competition practices in market economic activities, lawfully handle abuse of administrative power to preclude or restrict competition, and create a market environment for private economic organizations. | | 第十五条 反垄断和反不正当竞争执法机构按照职责权限，预防和制止市场经济活动中的垄断、不正当竞争行为，对滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争的行为依法处理，为民营经济组织提供良好的市场环境。 |
| Chapter III Investment and Financing Promotion | | 第三章 投资融资促进 |
| Article 16 Private economic organizations are support in participating in major national strategies and projects. They are supported in investment and entrepreneurship in strategic emerging industries, future industries, and other fields and encouraged to improve technologies in and transform and upgrade traditional industries and participate in the investment in and construction of modern infrastructure. | | 第十六条 支持民营经济组织参与国家重大战略和重大工程。支持民营经济组织在战略性新兴产业、未来产业等领域投资和创业，鼓励开展传统产业技术改造和转型升级，参与现代化基础设施投资建设。 |
| Article 17 The relevant departments of the State Council shall, based on major national development strategies, development plans, and industrial policies, among others, coordinate research on and formulation of policies and measures to promote investment from the private sector, release information on major projects in which the private sector is encouraged to invest, and guide it in investing in key fields. | | 第十七条 国务院有关部门根据国家重大发展战略、发展规划、产业政策等，统筹研究制定促进民营经济投资政策措施，发布鼓励民营经济投资重大项目信息，引导民营经济投资重点领域。 |
| If a private economic organization invests in and constructs a fixed asset investment project that is in the national strategic direction, it enjoys the national support policy in accordance with the law. | | 民营经济组织投资建设符合国家战略方向的固定资产投资项目，依法享受国家支持政策。 |
| Article 18 Private economic organizations are supported in releasing the value of idle assets through various means, improving their reinvestment capability, and enhancing asset quality and benefits. | | 第十八条 支持民营经济组织通过多种方式盘活存量资产，提高再投资能力，提升资产质量和效益。 |
| People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall support private economic organizations in participate in government and social capital cooperation projects. Public-private partnership projects shall reasonably define the rights and obligations of both parties and specify matters such as methods for obtaining investment returns, the risk sharing mechanism, and dispute resolution methods. | | 各级人民政府及其有关部门支持民营经济组织参与政府和社会资本合作项目。政府和社会资本合作项目应当合理设置双方权利义务，明确投资收益获得方式、风险分担机制、纠纷解决方式等事项。 |
| Article 19 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall provide well-regulated, efficient and convenient services for the investment of private economic organizations in project promotion and connection, preliminary work, handling of construction applications and approval matters, acquisition of factors of production, government investment support, and other aspects. | | 第十九条 各级人民政府及其有关部门在项目推介对接、前期工作和报建审批事项办理、要素获取和政府投资支持等方面，为民营经济组织投资提供规范高效便利的服务。 |
| Article 20 The relevant departments of the State Council shall, within their purview, ensure the incentive and constraint role of monetary policy instruments and macro-credit policies, implement differentiated policies on financial institutions' financial services to micro and small private economic organizations through market-oriented, law-based means, urge and direct financial institutions to reasonably set tolerance levels for non-performing loans, establish and improve a due diligence-based exemption mechanism, and enhance their professional service capabilities, and improve the capability to provide financial services to private economic organizations. | | 第二十条 国务院有关部门依据职责发挥货币政策工具和宏观信贷政策的激励约束作用，按照市场化、法治化原则，对金融机构向小型微型民营经济组织提供金融服务实施差异化政策，督促引导金融机构合理设置不良贷款容忍度、建立健全尽职免责机制、提升专业服务能力，提高为民营经济组织提供金融服务的水平。 |
| Article 21 Banking institutions, among others, shall, in accordance with laws and regulations, accept security that meets the needs of loan business, and make loans secured by pledged rights such as accounts receivable, warehouse receipts, equities, and intellectual property rights to private economic organizations. | | 第二十一条 银行业金融机构等依据法律法规，接受符合贷款业务需要的担保方式，并为民营经济组织提供应收账款、仓单、股权、知识产权等权利质押贷款。 |
| People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall provide support and convenience for the registration, valuation, trading, circulation, and information sharing of movable property and rights pledges. | | 各级人民政府及其有关部门应当为动产和权利质押登记、估值、交易流通、信息共享等提供支持和便利。 |
| Article 22 The state promotes the establishment and improvement of a market-based sharing mechanism for private economic organizations' financing risks and supports banking institutions and financing guarantee institutions in expanding business cooperation in an orderly manner to serve private economic organizations. | | 第二十二条 国家推动构建完善民营经济组织融资风险的市场化分担机制，支持银行业金融机构与融资担保机构有序扩大业务合作，共同服务民营经济组织。 |
| Article 23 Financial institutions shall, subject to laws and regulations, develop and provide financial products and services suitable for the characteristics of the private sector in accordance with the principles of market orientation and sustainable development, facilitate the financing of private economic organizations of good credit standing, enhance the match between credit supply and loan cycle on one side and the financing needs of private economic organizations and capital utilization cycle on the other, and improve the availability and accessibility of financial services. | | 第二十三条 金融机构在依法合规前提下，按照市场化、可持续发展原则开发和提供适合民营经济特点的金融产品和服务，为资信良好的民营经济组织融资提供便利条件，增强信贷供给、贷款周期与民营经济组织融资需求、资金使用周期的适配性，提升金融服务可获得性和便利度。 |
| Article 24 Financial institutions shall equally treat private economic organizations in credit granting, credit management, risk control management, charges for service, and other aspects. | | 第二十四条 金融机构在授信、信贷管理、风控管理、服务收费等方面应当平等对待民营经济组织。 |
| A financial institution that violates the agreement with a private economic organization borrower by unilaterally increasing lending conditions and discontinuing the disbursement of a loan or accelerating the loan shall be held liable for breach of contract in accordance with the law. | | 金融机构违反与民营经济组织借款人的约定，单方面增加发放贷款条件、中止发放贷款或者提前收回贷款的，依法承担违约责任。 |
| Article 25 The multi-tiered capital market system shall be improved to support eligible private economic organizations in equally accessing direct financing by offering stock or bonds, among others. | | 第二十五条 健全多层次资本市场体系，支持符合条件的民营经济组织通过发行股票、债券等方式平等获得直接融资。 |
| Article 26 A credit information collection and sharing mechanism shall be established and improved; credit reporting agencies are supported in providing credit reporting services for private economic organizations to raise financing; credit rating agencies are supported in optimizing the methods of rating private economic organizations so as to increase the effective supply of credit ratings, so as to facilitate private economic organizations' access to financing. | | 第二十六条 建立健全信用信息归集共享机制，支持征信机构为民营经济组织融资提供征信服务，支持信用评级机构优化民营经济组织的评级方法，增加信用评级有效供给，为民营经济组织获得融资提供便利。 |
| Chapter IV Technological Innovation | | 第四章 科技创新 |
| Article 27 The state encourages private economic organizations to play an active role in promoting scientific and technological innovation, cultivating new quality productivity, and building a modern industrial system. Private economic organizations are guided in strengthening basic and cutting-edge research in accordance with national strategic needs, industry development trends, and world scientific and technological frontiers, developing key core technologies, common basic technologies, and cutting-edge interdisciplinary technologies, promoting the integrated development of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, and creating new industries, develop new models, and gain new momentum through scientific and technological innovation. | | 第二十七条 国家鼓励、支持民营经济组织在推动科技创新、培育新质生产力、建设现代化产业体系中积极发挥作用。引导民营经济组织根据国家战略需要、行业发展趋势和世界科技前沿，加强基础性、前沿性研究，开发关键核心技术、共性基础技术和前沿交叉技术，推动科技创新和产业创新融合发展，催生新产业、新模式、新动能。 |
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