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| Six Representative Cases of Diversified Resolution of Financial Disputes Jointly Issued by the National Financial Regulatory Administration and the Supreme People's Court | | 国家金融监督管理总局、最高人民法院联合发布6件金融领域纠纷多元化解典型案例 |
| (December 19, 2025) | | （2025年12月19日） |
| For the purposes of implementing the major decisions and arrangements of the CPC Central Committee on upholding and developing the Fengqiao model in the new era, adhering to the principle of prioritizing non-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms, and adopting a political and people-oriented approach to financial work, the National Financial Regulatory Administration (“NFRA”), relying on the mechanism for aligning litigation with mediation online at the head office level established with the Supreme People's Court (“SPC”), shall continuously seek effective and diversified resolution of disputes in the financial sector and effectively safeguard the lawful rights and interests of financial consumers. For the purposes of ensuring that representative cases play an exemplary and guiding role in the diversified resolution of financial disputes, and in response to challenges and difficulties that are prevalent in the sector and of concern to the public, the two departments have jointly selected a number of representative and exemplary cases of diversified resolution of financial disputes and hereby issue them. These cases have the following features: | | 为贯彻落实党中央关于坚持和发展新时代“枫桥经验”重大部署要求，坚持把非诉讼纠纷解决机制挺在前面，践行金融工作的政治性、人民性，国家金融监督管理总局依托与最高人民法院建立的“总对总”在线诉调对接机制，持续做好金融领域纠纷多元化解工作，切实维护金融消费者合法权益。为发挥好典型案例对金融纠纷多元化解工作的示范引领作用，就涉及行业普遍性及社会关切的热点难点问题，两部门共同遴选出一批具有典型性、示范性的金融领域纠纷多元化解案例，现面向社会公开发布。本批案例体现出如下特点： |
| First, forming greater synergy between courts and the industry for the diversified resolution of disputes. Financial disputes are of diverse types and involve complex legal relationships. In conjunction with financial regulatory departments, people's courts at all levels guided industry mediation organizations in actively implementing the requirements of financial laws, regulations, and relevant policies, and established a mechanism for the diversified resolution of disputes by courts and the industry in the process of resolving financial disputes. The practices fully provided judicial protection and highlighted the essential role of the industry in integrating resources, forming enhanced synergy for dispute resolution. | | 一是“法院＋行业”多元解纷合力作用更加突显。金融纠纷类型多样、法律关系复杂。各级人民法院会同金融管理部门，指导行业调解组织积极落实金融法律法规及相关政策要求，在金融纠纷化解过程中，建立“法院＋行业”多元解纷机制，既充分发挥司法保障作用，又突显行业整合资源的关键枢纽作用，形成纠纷化解合力，释放“1＋1＞2”双重优势解纷效能。 |
| Second, unequivocally focusing policies on mediation. In conjunction with financial regulatory departments, people's courts at all levels actively implemented the requirements of relevant national policies in the financial sector, applied policies for micro and small enterprises to overcome difficulties, and balanced their ability to continue as a going concern with the interests of creditors, ensuring that feasible repayment plans were made through consultation to produce mutually beneficial outcomes. In conjunction with financial regulatory departments, people's courts at all levels implemented policies related to financial services for agricultural development to effectively spread agricultural risks and reduce losses sustained by farmers in disasters. These moves reflected that policy-based agricultural insurance provided social security in nature. | | 二是调解工作政策导向更加鲜明。积极贯彻国家关于金融领域相关政策要求，落实小微企业纾困政策，平衡小微企业经营持续性与债权人利益，通过协商制定切实可行的还款方案，实现结果共赢。落实金融服务农业发展相关政策，有效分散农业风险，切实减轻农户因灾损失，体现政策性农业保险的社会保障属性。 |
| Third, maximizing the role of the mediation system. In conjunction with financial regulatory departments, people's courts at all levels integrated socialist core values into the diversified resolution of financial disputes and, through impartial, flexible, and diversified mediation, enabled financial institutions to negotiate with financial consumers in a friendly and fair manner. By reviewing complex facts in dispute and legal relationships, the people's courts identified priorities in dispute resolution and applied legal principles, common sense, and ethics. The efforts saved dispute resolution resources, promoted settlement, and fostered a new culture featuring the goodwill, peaceful, and diversified resolution of financial disputes. | | 三是调解制度功效作用充分释放。将社会主义核心价值观融入金融纠纷多元化解工作，通过中立、柔性、多样的调解方法，让金融机构与金融消费者友好、公平协商，在复杂的纠纷事实和法律关系中“抽丝剥茧”，找准纠纷化解的着力点，传递法理、事理、情理，节约纠纷处理资源，实现案结事了人和，营造善意文明的金融纠纷多元化解新风尚。 |
| Fourth, making impressive strides in using innovations to facilitate mediation. In the resolution of financial disputes, in conjunction with financial regulatory departments, people's courts at all levels fully applied model written complaints and statements of defense and guided and facilitated parties in prioritizing mediation for dispute resolution. The people's courts clearly presented claims across the board and rapidly reviewed issues, more efficiently and accurately mediated in complex cases involving an array of responsible parties and legal relationships, and promoted the efficient and substantive resolution of a package of disputes. | | 四是创新成果赋能调解工作成效明显。在金融纠纷化解中，充分应用起诉状、答辩状示范文本，引领、方便当事人优先选择调解方式解决纠纷，通过全面清晰呈现诉求，快速归纳争议焦点，提升对多方责任主体、多重法律关系等复杂案件调解的效率和精准度，推动纠纷高效、实质、一揽子化解。 |
| Fifth, continuing to promote the resolution of financial disputes at the source through mediation. In conjunction with financial regulatory departments, people's courts at all levels adopted preventive measures. While efficiently resolving financial disputes, they proactively imparted financial and legal knowledge to financial consumers, familiarized them with the maneuverings by unlawful loan intermediaries in breach of provisions and the harms of leasing, lending, or selling bank accounts, and enabled them to readily acquire a good knowledge of and abide by the law. These efforts prevented and reduced disputes at the source. | | 五是“以调促治”促推金融纠纷源头治理水平持续提升。坚持“抓前端、治未病”，在做好金融纠纷高效化解同时，积极主动向金融消费者普及金融与法律知识，让金融消费者知悉非法贷款中介的违规套路、深刻认识出租出借出售银行账户的现实危害，自觉成为知法守法的金融消费者，从源头预防减少纠纷。 |
| Representative Cases of Diversified Resolution of Financial Disputes | | 金融领域纠纷多元化解典型案例 |
| Contents | | 目录 |
| Case 1: Mediation of a Dispute over the Loan Delinquencies of a Small Enterprise | | 案例一：小微企业贷款逾期纠纷调解案 |
| —The Court and Industry Diversified Dispute Resolution Mechanism Assisted the Small Enterprise in Overcoming Difficulties | | ——“法院＋行业”多元解纷机制助力小微企业纾困 |
| Case 2: Mediation of a Dispute over Loan Delinquencies as a Result of a Fraudulent Low Interest Rate Offer from a Loan Intermediary | | 案例二：不法贷款中介“低息”骗贷致贷款逾期纠纷调解案 |
| —Industry Mediators Resolved the Dispute by Uncovering the Maneuverings of an Illegal Intermediary | | ——行业调解揭穿不法中介套路化解纠纷 |
| Case 3: Mediation of a Control Dispute Arising from Bank Account Leasing | | 案例三：出租银行账户引发管控争议纠纷调解案 |
| —Industry Mediators Resolved the Dispute by Sharing Legal Knowledge Based on Cases | | ——行业调解以案普法化解纠纷 |
| Case 4: Mediation of a Liability Dispute Arising from a Complex Multi-Vehicle Collision | | 案例四：多车复杂交通事故责任纠纷调解案 |
| —Using Model Text to Efficiently Resolve a Multi-Vehicle Collision Dispute | | ——运用“示范文本”高效化解多车连环相撞交通事故纠纷 |
| Case 5: Mediation of a Fire Insurance Claim Dispute Involving a Sugarcane Grower | | 案例五：糖料蔗种植户火灾理赔纠纷调解案 |
| —Safeguarding the Rights and Interests of a Sugarcane Farmer Through Professional Mediation and Precise Loss Assessment | | ——专业调解精准定损护航蔗农权益 |
| Case 6: Mediation of a Foreign-Related Cargo Transportation Insurance Dispute | | 案例六：涉外货运保险纠纷调解案 |
| —Efficiently Resolving a Cross-Border Transportation Insurance Dispute Through Industry Mediation | | ——行业调解高效化解跨境运输保险纠纷 |
| Case 1: | | 案例一 |
| Mediation of a Dispute over the Loan Delinquencies of a Small Enterprise | | 小微企业贷款逾期纠纷调解案 |
| —The Court and Industry Diversified Dispute Resolution Mechanism Assisted the Small Enterprise in Overcoming Difficulties | | ——“法院＋行业”多元解纷机制助力小微企业纾困 |
| [Basic Facts] | | 【基本案情】 |
| [REDACTED] Company, a small enterprise, signed two Working Capital Loan Contracts with [REDACTED] Bank, borrowing 6 million yuan for a term of 12 months. Affected by factors such as rising raw material prices and delayed collection of accounts receivable, the company encountered operational difficulties and failed to repay the loan principal and interest as scheduled. Two years after the contracts were signed, it was in arrears in the principal and interest exceeding 2.83 million yuan. After repeated unsuccessful collection efforts, the bank filed a lawsuit, requesting the company to perform its repayment obligations, and listed the company, its jointly and severally liable surety, Li [REDACTED], and its mortgagor, Chen [REDACTED], as co-defendants. The court of first instance rendered a judgment that the company should repay the debt in a lump sum within a specified time limit, for which Li [REDACTED] and Chen [REDACTED] were jointly and severally liable. The company appealed the judgment. Based on the mechanism for aligning litigation with mediation online at the head office level, the court of second instance, with the consent of the parties, appointed a local financial dispute mediation organization to mediate among the parties and guided the mediation throughout the process. | | 某公司（小微企业）与某银行签订两份《流动资金借款合同》，贷款本金合计600万元，期限12个月。受原材料上涨、应收账款回款延迟等因素影响，某公司经营困难，未能按期偿还贷款本息。合同签订两年后，逾期本息累计283万余元。某银行多次催收无果后提起诉讼，要求某公司履行还款义务，将某公司及其连带责任保证人李某、抵押担保人陈某列为共同被告。法院一审判决某公司限期一次性清偿全部债务，李某、陈某承担连带责任。某公司对判决结果不服，提起上诉。依托最高人民法院与国家金融监督管理总局建立的“总对总”在线诉调对接机制，二审法院征求各方当事人同意后，采用“点对点”的形式委托当地金融纠纷调解组织开展调解，并对调解过程予以指导。 |
| ．．．．．． | | 【调解过程及结果】 |
| | 金融纠纷调解组织接受委托后，迅速与各方展开深入沟通。某公司有强烈还款意愿，提出分11期还款计划，表示当前困境属于暂时性经营波动，近年营收稳定，后续可通过应收账款回款偿还债务，强制清算将导致破产。某银行则对债权风险表示担忧，要求一次性清偿全部债务。李某对连带责任范围提出异议。陈某担忧抵押房产被强制执行，要求明确担保责任范围。调解员采取分层沟通、动态调整策略，分步推进纠纷化解。一是全面核查。调解员审阅并核实了某公司近两年财务报表、应收账款明细及抵押物评估报告，确认应收账款及抵押房产市值足以覆盖债务本息。二是利益风险评估与方案协调。调解员综合评估某银行债权保障与某公司经营状况，初步拟定方案并向各方阐释其中的利害与风险。调解员向某银行剖析，若坚持一次性清偿，某公司面临破产清算风险，且抵押物处置周期长、折价率高，实际回款可能无法覆盖贷款本息；而分期偿还方案，可全额回收贷款本息。调解员同时向某公司指出，分期还款计划未充分考虑经营波动风险，需在调解协议中增设关于应收账款到账即优先还款的刚性条款。同时明确李某对600万元范围内债务承担连带责任，陈某以房产对剩余债务提供担保。经调解员分析释明，各方均表示愿意接受该方案。三是线上调解与协议签署。调解员抓住各方利益趋同窗口期，组织四方进行线上调解。为加强风险管控，某公司须按月提交资金流水；李某对债务承担连带清偿责任；陈某抵押房产并办理第二顺位抵押登记，保障银行的优先受偿权。四方当事人最终签署调解协议，法院对调解协议审查后出具调解书，纠纷得以妥善解决。 |
| | 【典型意义】 |
| | 本案系小微企业因经营成本上升、经营困难导致贷款逾期引发的典型纠纷。行业调解组织积极贯彻国家对小微企业纾困政策，结合企业实际还款能力与还款意愿，平衡企业经营持续性与银行债权利益，协商制定切实可行的还款方案，避免“抽贷断贷”加剧企业经营困境及破产风险，法院对调解协议进行审查后及时出具调解书免除银行后顾之忧，为优化营商环境、助力小微企业稳健发展提供有效助力。“法院＋行业”多元解纷机制在本案中充分发挥了专业协调和司法保障的双重优势，为类似小微企业贷款纠纷的高效化解提供实践范例。 |
| | 案例二 |
| | 不法贷款中介“低息”骗贷致贷款逾期纠纷调解案 |
| | ——行业调解揭穿不法中介套路化解纠纷 |
| | 【基本案情】 |
| | 王先生接到某贷款中介电话，对方称可办理年化利率3.8%的低息贷款。因其公司急需资金周转，王先生同意由贷款中介协助办理个人经营贷款，并提供了贷款所需资料。为符合贷款资质要求，贷款中介将王先生资料“包装”后向某银行递交了申请。办理贷款时，王先生按照贷款中介交代的“话术”应对银行工作人员的询问和核实。贷款审批通过后，贷款中介按照贷款金额的10%收取中介服务费。王先生偿还几期贷款后，发现实际贷款利率远高于中介承诺标准，贷款期限也短于承诺时长，导致王先生无力按时足额还款。王先生以贷款资料造假为由，向某银行投诉要求降低贷款利率并重新分期。王先生与某银行协商无果，共同申请金融纠纷调解组织进行调解。 |
| | ．．．．．． |
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